Fakahinohino Sitepu: Ko ha Hoʻatā D’Alembert
Hiki ʻaki ha iuniti ʻe taha hili ha mole, holoki ʻaki ha iuniti ʻe taha hili ha ikuna, kulokula ʻi he vilo kotoa pē ʻi he vilo ʻe teau. Ko e sisitemi faingofua taha, mo e fakamole ʻo hono faingofua.
Ko ha taimi vaʻinga faʻifaʻitaki D’Alembert ʻo e vilo ʻe 100 ʻi he $5 ki he iuniti. Naʻe foki ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ki he $5 ʻo tuʻo nima, naʻe hiki mālie ki he $80 lolotonga ha konga kovi, pea naʻe ʻosi ʻi he $55 mo e mole ʻa e taimi vaʻinga ʻaki ʻa e $40. Ko e sisitemi ʻoku ongoʻi hangē ha fakapapau kae ʻikai ko ia.
ʻAlu ʻi he sisitemi
Ko ha mole ʻoku hiki hake ʻaki ha sitepu ʻe taha. Ko ha ikuna ʻoku foki ʻaki ha sitepu ʻe taha.
ʻOku fua ʻa e ngaahi peti mo e ola ʻaki ʻa e iuniti ʻo e peti tefito.
Ko e palani
Kamata ʻaki ha iunitipaʻangaIunitiKo e peti tefito ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe ha sisitemi pe ha tokotaha vaʻinga. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti ʻaki ʻa e iuniti koeʻuhi ke ngāue ʻi ha tēpile pē.Lau kotoa → ʻe taha, $5, ki he kulokulapetiKulokulaPeti totongi tatau ki he fika kulokula ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: rouge.Lau kotoa →. Hili ha mole, tānaki ha iuniti; hili ha ikuna, toʻo ʻa e taha, ʻo ʻikai ʻaupito siʻi hifo ʻi he taha. Ko e fakakaukau, ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai fokotuʻu ʻe d’Alembert kae tukuakiʻi ia ki ai, ko e ngaahi ikuna mo e ngaahi mole ʻoku nau tatau, ko ia ki he hoa kotoa pē ʻo ha mole ʻe taha mo ha ikuna ʻe taha ʻoku mau tupu ʻaki ha iuniti. ʻOku pehē ʻe he matematika ʻoku ikuna ʻa e kulokula ʻi he 48.65% ʻo e ngaahi vilo, ko ia ʻoku lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi mole ʻi he ngaahi ikuna ʻaki ʻa e taha nai ʻi he fāngofulu, pea ʻoku hiki mālie ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ʻi he taimi.
Vilo 1–30
Kulokula ʻe hongofulu-mā-fā, ʻuliʻulipetiʻUliʻuliPeti totongi tatau ki he fika ʻuliʻuli ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: noir.Lau kotoa → ʻe hongofulu-mā-nima, noaveʻetekaNoaKo e luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai kāpui ʻe ha peti totongi tatau, peti tasini pe peti kōlomu; ko e tupuʻanga ia ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino. ʻOku toe ui: noa ʻe taha, 0.Lau kotoa → ʻe taha. Naʻe hiki ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ki he $20 lolotonga ha hokohoko mole ʻe tolu, foki ki he $5 ʻi he vilo 18, pea hiki ki he $25 ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e konga ko ʻeni. Ola kakato +$20. Naʻe maʻu ʻe he hoa mole-ikuna taki taha ha iuniti ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe talaʻofa; naʻe kai kinautolu ʻe he ngaahi mole lahi ange. ʻOku ongoʻi hangē ha pamu mālie ʻoku ngāue lahi pē.
Vilo 31–65
Ko e konga kovi. Kulokula ʻe hongofulu-mā-tolu ʻo fehoanaki mo e taʻekulokula ʻe uofulu-mā-ua, kau ai ha hokohoko mole ʻe fitu. Mei he $5 ʻi he vilo 41 naʻe kaka hake ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ʻo iuniti ʻe taha ʻi he taimi ʻe taha ki he $80, pea naʻe fakaʻauha ʻe he mole $75 taki taha ʻa e ikuna $5 ʻe hongofulu-mā-nima kimuʻa. Ola kakato −$485 ki he konga ko ʻeni; ko e fakakātoa lolotonga −$465. Naʻe ʻikai ha meʻa fakaofo naʻe hoko ʻi ha vilo ʻe taha; ko e hiki mālie naʻa ne fai ia.
- p10 −$500
- p25 −$500
- fika lotoloto (median) −$500
- p75 −$500
- p90 +$885
Vilo 66–100
Kulokula ʻe uofulu ki he taʻekulokula ʻe hongofulu-mā-nima, ʻo holo mālie ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti mei he $80 ki he $55 ʻi he ngaahi sitepu ʻo e $5. Naʻe toe maʻu mai ʻe he ikuna taki taha ʻi ha peti lahi ha paʻanga moʻoni: ko ha ikuna ʻo e $75 hili ha mole ʻo e $70 ko e hoa ia ʻoku maʻu ai ʻa e +$5, ka ʻoku lahi ʻa e hoa. Ola kakato +$425 ki he konga ko ʻeni; ola fakaʻosi −$40.
Ko e ngaahi fakamatala paʻanga
Ko e ʻavalisi ʻo e lahi ʻo e peti ko e $37 nai, ko ia ko e fakakātoa ʻo e peti ko e $3,670 nai ʻo fehoanaki mo e $500 ki ha tokotaha peti tatau ʻaki ʻa e $5. Ko e mole ʻamanekinamatematikaMole ʻamanekinaKo e mahuʻinga ʻamanekina liunga ʻaki ʻa e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga naʻe peti ʻaki; ko e ʻavalisi ʻo e paʻanga ʻoku mole ʻi ha taimi vaʻinga pe ha vahaʻa taimi.Lau kotoa → ʻi he $3,670 ko e $99; ko e ola moʻoni −$40, siʻi hifo ʻi he mavahe fakasitanatematematikaMavahe fakasitanateAka ua ʻo e vēliani; ko e mamaʻo angamaheni ʻo ha ola mei he mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.Lau kotoa → ʻe taha. Ko e hiki mālie ʻo e lahi ʻo e peti ko e ola kotoa ia ʻo e sisitemi: paʻanga lahi ange ʻi he tēpile, ko e 2.70% tatau pē ʻoku toʻo mei he tola taki taha, mo ha tufaki fālahi ange ʻo e ngaahi ola.
Ko e meʻa ʻoku fakahā ʻe he taimi vaʻinga
Ko e D’Alembert ko e fehalaaki ʻa e tokotaha peti kuo tohi ko ha lao peti: ʻoku ne pehē ʻe tatau vave pē ʻa e ngaahi ikuna mo e ngaahi mole ke toe holo ai ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti. ʻOku nau tatau ʻi he taimi lōloa ʻi hono fakavaivaiʻi, kae ʻikai ʻi ha fakatonutonu, pea ʻoku ʻikai ha ʻuhinga ke foki ai ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ki he iuniti ʻe taha. Ko ha sisitemi māmālie ia ʻoku ʻikai ha hifo fakafokifā, pea ko hono māmālie ia ʻoku tui ai ʻa e kau vaʻinga ki ai.
Fakaofi ʻi he Taimi Lōloa: Ko e Lao ʻo e Ngaahi Fika Lalahi ʻi he Lulēti
Ngaahi fehuʻi
ʻIkai faʻa hoko. ʻOku tupu ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ʻaki ha iuniti ʻe taha ki he mole taki taha, ʻikai fakaua, ko ia ʻoku fiemaʻu ha hokohoko kovi lōloa ʻaupito ke aʻu ki he fakangatangata.
ʻIo, pea ʻoku liliu ʻe he fakangatangata ia ko ha peti tataufoungaPeti tatauPeti ʻaki ʻa e paʻanga tatau ʻi he vilo kotoa pē. Ko e tefito ia ʻoku fakahoa ki ai ʻa e fakalakalaka peti kotoa pē.Lau kotoa → ʻi he fakangatangata hili ha hokohoko kovi. ʻOku sai pē ha fakangatangata; ʻikai ha taha ʻe liliu ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino.
Naʻa ne pehē ʻi he 1754 ʻoku ngalingali lahi ange ke hū ʻa e mui hili ha hokohoko ʻulu. Naʻe fakahingoa ʻe he kau peti naʻa nau loto taha ki ai ʻa e sisitemi ʻi hono hingoa. Naʻe mei mā ai ia.
Meʻa fakaoli
Ko e sisitemi faingofua taha. ʻOku hiki mālie ia kae ʻikai tō fakafokifā.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- d’Alembert, J. “Croix ou pile.”
- Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling.