Founga ke ʻIloʻi ai ʻa e Hehema ʻo e Veʻeteka Lulēti
Tohi, lau, siviʻi, pea toe tohi lahi ange: ko e founga ia ke ʻiloʻi ai ʻa e hehema ʻo e veʻeteka lulēti.
Tānaki ha vilo ʻe afe ʻe taha pe lahi ange mei ha veʻeteka pē ʻe taha, lau ʻa e tuʻo lahi ʻo e tō ki he luo taki taha, fai ha sivi chi-squarelēpiSivi chi-squareKo ha sivi fakasitetisitika ʻoku ne fakahoa ʻa e lahi ʻo e hū ʻi he luo takitaha naʻe sio ki ai mo e n/37 ʻoku ʻamanekina. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ia ke fakamaauʻi pe ʻoku hehema ha veʻeteka.Lau kotoa →, pea lau ha ola mahuʻinga pē ʻe taha ko ha ʻuhinga ke tānaki ha sīpinga tauʻatāina hono ua.
1. Tohi
Ko e ngaahi hisitōlia ʻo e vilo mei he ngaahi tēpile hangatonu ʻoku faʻa pulusi pe fakaʻaliʻali pea ʻe lava ke hiki tatau. Tohi ʻa e veʻeteka ʻoku ngāueʻaki: ʻoku fetongitongi ʻe he ngaahi tēpile ʻa e ngaahi ʻulu ʻo e veʻetekameʻangāueʻUlu ʻo e veʻetekaʻUhinga tatau mo e konga vilo: ko e konga ʻoku vilo ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fika.Lau kotoa → ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi polameʻangāuePolaKo e konga ʻi tuʻa ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku ʻikai ngaue: ko e kapa papa pe meʻa fakatahaʻi ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e hala ʻo e pulu mo e konga fakahifo, pea ʻoku vilo ʻi loto ai ʻa e konga vilo.Lau kotoa →, pea ko ha hehema ʻoku ʻo ha veʻeteka ia, ʻo ʻikai ʻo ha tēpile pe ha tīla. Tohi ʻa e ʻaho mo e taimi; ko ha veʻeteka ʻoku hehema he ʻaho ni ʻe lava ke fetongi hono ngaahi meʻa vahe ʻapongipongi. Ko e vilo ʻe afe ko e siʻi taha ia ke lava ʻe he sivi ʻo tala ha meʻa; ko e vilo ʻe mano ʻoku kamata ai ke ʻaonga.
2. Lau mo siviʻi
Lau ʻa e tuʻo lahi ʻo e tō ki he luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → taki taha. Ko e meʻa ʻoku ʻamanekina ko e n/37 ki he taha kotoa. Fakakaukauʻi ʻa e fika chi-square, Σ (meʻa naʻe sio ki ai − meʻa ʻamanekina)² / meʻa ʻamanekina, ʻi he luo ʻe 37 pea fakahoa ia ki he tufaki chi-square ʻi he tuʻunga tauʻatāinalēpiTuʻunga tauʻatāinaKo e lahi ʻo e ngaahi mahuʻinga tauʻatāina ʻi ha fika fakasitetisitika. Ki ha sivi chi-square ʻi he luo ʻe 37 ko e 36 ia, koeʻuhi kuo pau ke tānaki ʻa e ngaahi lau ki he fakakātoa.Lau kotoa → ʻe 36. ʻOku fai eni ʻe he Meʻa Vakaiʻi ʻo e Hehema ʻo e Veʻeteka ʻi he uepisaiti ni ʻi he palausa. Vakai foki ki he ngaahi kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa →: ko ha palopalema fakaesino ʻoku faʻa uesia fakataha ai ʻa e ngaahi luo ʻoku fekaungāʻapi, pea ko ha sivi ʻo ha konga ʻoku siʻi ange hono faingamālie ke ʻomi ha ola loi ʻi ha sivi ʻe 37 ʻo e luo taki taha.
3. Toe fai
Vahe ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala ki he ongo vaeua, pe tānaki ha sīpinga foʻou ʻo e lahi tatau mei he veʻeteka tatau. Ko ha hehema moʻoni ʻoku hā ia ʻi he ongo sīpinga fakatouʻosi; ko ha meʻa hoko noa pē ʻoku ʻikai. Ko ha chi-square ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻi he 5% ʻi ha sīpinga ʻe taha ʻoku ʻamanekina ia ʻo tuʻo taha ʻi he uofulu mei ha veʻeteka faitotonu, pea ko ha tokotaha vaʻinga ʻoku ne vakaiʻi ha ngaahi veʻeteka lahi te ne faʻa maʻu ha ngaahi sīpinga pehē. Kuo pau ke toe fai kimuʻa pea toki ʻaonga ke fakakaukauʻi pe ʻoku totongi feʻunga ʻa e ngaahi luo vela ke ikunaʻi ʻa e 2.70%.
4. Fua ʻa e lahi ʻo e ola
ʻOku tala ʻe he mahuʻinga fakasitetisitika ʻoku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai faitotonu ʻa e veʻeteka. Ke maʻu ha tupu ʻoku fie maʻu ke tō ha luo ʻi he 1/36 pe lelei ange, koeʻuhí ʻoku totongi ʻa e peti fika ʻe tahapetiPeti fika ʻe tahaFika pē ʻe taha, totongi ʻo e 35:1.Lau kotoa → ʻi he 35 ki he 1. Ko ha luo naʻe sio ki ai ʻoku tō ki ai ʻo tuʻo 40 ʻi he 1,000 ko e 1/25 ia, ʻa ia ʻe tupu lahi ʻaupito ai kapau ʻoku moʻoni, pea ko ha meʻa hoko foki ia ʻo e sigma ʻe 2.5 ʻi ha veʻeteka faitotonu; ko ha sīpinga hono ua ʻo e 1,000 ʻe ʻamanekina ke toe fakahaaʻi ia ʻi he 40 ± 6 kapau ʻoku moʻoni ʻa e hehema pea ʻi he 27 ± 5 kapau ko e longoaʻa pē.
Ko e hā leva: ʻiloʻi ʻo e hehema ʻo e veʻeteka lulēti ʻi he ngaahi kasino ʻo onopooni
ʻI he kuohili: peti ki he konga vela, ikuna kae ʻoua kuo ʻiloʻi ʻe he kasino, pea tapui koe pe mole atu ʻa e veʻeteka. Naʻe fai eni ʻe he fāmili García-Pelayo ʻo ofi ki Madrid ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e ngaahi taʻu 1990, pea ʻi he taimi naʻe tapui ai kinautolu ʻe he kasino naʻe fakafoki ʻe he ngaahi fakamaau ʻa Sipeini ʻa e tapui. ʻI he ʻaho ni ʻoku fetongitongi ʻe he ngaahi kasino ʻa e ngaahi konga vilomeʻangāueKonga viloKo e konga ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku vilo pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi luo.Lau kotoa → ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi pola pea fua ʻa e ngaahi luo ʻo fakatatau ki ha taimi tēpile; ko ha hehema ʻoku lahi feʻunga ke sio ki ai ʻi ha vilo ʻe afe ʻe ʻikai moʻui ia ʻi ha takai ʻo e tauhi. ʻOku lelei ʻa e founga, ka ko e ʻiloʻi ʻo e hehema ʻo e veʻeteka lulēti ʻi he ngaahi kasino ʻo onopooni ʻoku fuʻu tōmui: ʻi he moʻui moʻoni, kuo mole atu ʻa e faingamālie.
Kau Vaʻinga Lulēti OngoongoaGonzalo García-Pelayo: Ko e Sisitemi Lulēti
Ko e luo femoʻuekina taha ʻoku femoʻuekina maʻu pē
Ko hono fili ʻa e luo femoʻuekina taha pea siviʻi ia toko taha ko ha tauhele, koeʻuhí ʻoku ʻi ai maʻu pē ha luo femoʻuekina taha ʻi ha veʻeteka faitotonu. Hili ha vilo ʻe 3,700, ʻoku ʻamanekina ʻe he luo kotoa ʻa e tō ʻe 100, ka ko e luo femoʻuekina taha ʻoku faʻa fakahaaʻi ha meimei 122, pea ʻi ha sīpinga ʻe taha ʻi he uofulu ʻoku ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e 131 pe lahi ange. Ko e luo fakalongolongo taha ʻoku faʻa fakahaaʻi ha meimei 79. Ko ia ko ha luo ʻi he 125 ʻi he vilo ʻe 3,700 ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻa ʻoku ʻilo: fakahoa ia ki he meʻa ʻoku fai ʻe he luo femoʻuekina taha ʻo ha veʻeteka faitotonu, ʻo ʻikai ki he 100.
Ngaahi fehalaaki angamaheni
Fakataha ʻa e ngaahi vilo mei he ngaahi veʻeteka kehekehe pe ngaahi ʻulu ʻo e veʻeteka kehekehe. Siviʻi hili hono sio ki he ngaahi fakamatala pea fili ʻa e fakakulupu ʻoku hā kovi taha. Lau ha fika velatui halaFika velaKo ha fika kuo hū lahi ange ʻi he meʻa naʻe ʻamanekina ʻi he taimi siʻi kuo ʻosi. ʻI ha veʻeteka faitotonu ʻoku ʻikai te ne tala ki muʻa ha meʻa.Lau kotoa → ʻi ha vilo ʻe 200 ko ha fakaʻilonga. Fakangaloʻi ʻoku fakatefito ʻa e sivi ʻi he tauʻatāina ʻa e ngaahi vilo, ko ia ko ha ola ʻo e fakaʻilonga ʻo e tīla ʻe toe fakalahi foki ʻa e chi-square neongo ʻoku ʻikai ha luo ʻoku tō lahi ange ki ai koeʻuhí ko ha meʻa fakaesino.
Ngaahi fehuʻi
1,000 ke lava pē ke fai ʻa e sivi; ha ngaahi afe ke ʻiloʻi ha hehema ʻoku ʻaonga ke maʻu; ha ngaahi mano ke fakapapauʻi ha taha.
Kapau pē ʻoku ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e veʻeteka pea fakahaaʻi ha ngaahi vilo feʻunga. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi papa ʻa e 20 ki he 500, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai feʻunga.
ʻOku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai ʻomi ʻe he veʻeteka ha ngaahi ola tatau. ʻIkai ʻoku totongi feʻunga ha luo, pea ʻikai ʻe kei hoko atu ʻa e fōtunga.
Vaʻinga mo e Matematika
ʻUluaki feinga ke ke fakaleleiʻi ʻe koe. Kuo pelu ʻa e tali takitaha; fakaava ia ʻi hoʻo mateuteu.
ʻI ha veʻeteka kuo motuʻa, ʻoku siʻi tofu ʻa e luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → kulokulapetiKulokulaPeti totongi tatau ki he fika kulokula ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: rouge.Lau kotoa → ʻe tolu, pea ko ha pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → naʻe mei tuʻu ʻi ai ʻoku teka atu ia ki he ngaahi luo ʻuliʻulipetiʻUliʻuliPeti totongi tatau ki he fika ʻuliʻuli ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: noir.Lau kotoa → ʻi honau tafaʻaki, ko ia ʻoku hā ʻa e kulokula tuʻo 15 ʻi he 37 pea ko e ʻuliʻuli tuʻo 21. Ko e hā ʻoku fakamole pe maʻu he taimí ni ʻe he ngaahi peti ki he kulokula mo e ʻuliʻuli?
Fakahā ʻa e tali
Tali ʻOku fakamole ʻe he kulokula ʻa e 18.9%; ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ʻuliʻuli ʻa e 13.5%.
ʻOku ikuna ʻa e kulokula tuʻo 15 ʻi he 37 pea mole tuʻo 22: (15 − 22)/37 = −18.9%. ʻOku ikuna ʻa e ʻuliʻuli tuʻo 21 pea mole tuʻo 16: (21 − 16)/37 = +13.5%.
ʻOku ngāue ʻa e hehema ki he tafaʻaki fakatouʻosi. Ko e veʻeteka ʻoku ne ʻoange ha tuʻunga lelei ki he tokotaha vaʻinga kuo ne fuaʻi ia ʻoku ne totongi ʻaki ʻa e liunga fitu ʻo e totongi angamaheni ʻa e tokotaha vaʻinga ʻoku ne poupouʻi ʻa e lanu hala. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe Hunacek (2025) ha fakatātā meimei tatau.
Ko e luo ʻe tolu ʻi he 37 ko ha maumau lahi ʻaupito ia. Ko ha hehema moʻoni ʻoku faʻa ko ha kiʻi konga siʻi pē ʻo ʻeni, pea ʻoku fiemaʻu ha vilo ʻe afe ke ʻiloʻi kehe ia mei he monūʻia, ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku fakahā ʻe he peesi ko ʻeni.
Meʻa fakaoli
Tohi, lau, siviʻi, toe fai. Ko e toe fai ko e konga faingataʻa ia.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Pearson, K. “On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable…”
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling.
- Wizard of Odds. “Hot Numbers in Roulette: Myths and Facts.”