Ngaahi Komipiuta Lulēti

Founga naʻe langa ai ʻa e ʻuluaki sisitemi komipiuta lulēti

Naʻe hoko mai ʻa e fakakaukau kia Edward Thorp ʻi he faʻahitaʻu failau ʻo e 1955, lolotonga ʻene ako fisiki hili ʻa e mataʻitohi ʻi UCLA: ko ha veʻeteka kuo ngaohi lelei ʻaupito ʻo ʻikai lava ke hehema ʻoku totonu ke ne fakatakaiʻi ʻa e pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → ʻo lava ke tomuʻa ʻilo hangē ko ha palanite. Naʻa ne faiva ha veʻeteka taʻemahuʻinga ʻo e konga ʻo e lahi mo ha uasi lau sekoni ʻi he faiva, pea ʻilo ʻoku fuʻu taʻemaau ia ke tomuʻa ʻilo, pea ko ha folau ki Nevada ʻi Tīsema 1958 naʻe fakahā ange ai ʻoku vilo lelei ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻi he kasino. Naʻe toki maʻu leva hono taimi ʻe he blackjack. ʻI Nōvema 1960, ʻi MIT, naʻa ne kole kia Claude Shannon ke ʻave ʻene pepa ʻo e lau kaati ki he National Academy of Sciences; ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e fakataha naʻe ʻeke ʻe Shannon pe ko e hā mo ha toe meʻa ʻoku ne ngāue ki ai, pea naʻe hiki ʻa e poloseki lulēti ki he lokilalo ʻo Shannon. Naʻa na fakatau ha veʻeteka fakalao mei Reno ʻi he $1,500, fokotuʻu ia ʻi ha tēpile piliati motuʻa ʻo e maka sileiti, pea taimiʻi ʻa e pulu ʻaki ha maama sitolopo mo ha uasi naʻe lau ki ha vahe teau ʻo ha sekoni. ʻI he fakaʻaongaʻi lahi, naʻe holo ʻena ngaahi fehalaaki ʻi he taimi mei he sekoni ʻe 0.03 nai ki he 0.01. ʻI Sune 1961 naʻe ʻi ai ʻi he komipiuta ʻa e tulanisisitā ʻe hongofulu mā ua pea naʻe lahi tatau mo ha puha sikaleti: ko ha meʻa fakaʻā ʻi he sū, naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻaki ʻa e motuʻa vaʻe, naʻe taimiʻi ai ʻa e konga vilomeʻangāueKonga viloKo e konga ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku vilo pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi luo.Lau kotoa → mo e pulu, pea ko ha leʻo ʻi he telinga ʻe taha naʻe fakahā ai ʻa e taha ʻo e kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa → ʻe valu ʻo e veʻeteka. ʻI Las Vegas ʻi he faʻahitaʻu mafana ko ia naʻe taimiʻi ʻe Shannon ʻi he veʻeteka pea hiki ha ngaahi fika ʻo hangē ko ha tokotaha vaʻinga sisitemi pē, lolotonga ʻoku peti ʻa Thorp ʻaki ha ngaahi sēniti ʻe hongofulu ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻe taha ʻo e tēpile. Naʻe tuʻu maʻu ʻa e ngaahi tomuʻa tala, ka naʻe motu maʻu pē ʻa e ngaahi uaea manifi ʻo hangē ko e louʻulu ki he meʻa ʻi he telinga, pea ʻi ha taimi ʻe taha naʻe sio manavahē ha fefine ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo Thorp ki he spika naʻe hā mai mei hono telinga. Naʻe ʻikai te na peti fakamātoato. Naʻe fakahā ʻe Thorp ʻa e sisitemi komipiuta lulēti ʻi he 1966 pea pulusi ʻa hono ngaahi fakaikiiki ʻi he 1979 mo e 1984.

Ko e ʻuluaki ngaahi komipiuta fakatisitale

Ko e misini ʻa Thorp mo Shannon naʻe ʻanaloke: ko hono sēketi ko ʻene polokalama ia, pea ko hono liliu ʻo e founga naʻe ʻuhinga ia ke toe fakauaea. Naʻe toʻo ʻe he maikolopolosesa ʻa e ngataʻanga ko ia. Ko Alan Lewis, ko ha tokotaha ako ʻi Caltech, naʻa ne ʻave ha komipiuta fakatisitale naʻa ne faʻu ʻi ʻapi ʻi ha kato kāmela ki Circus Circus ʻi Las Vegas ʻi he 1972, taimiʻi ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka mei ha fungavaka ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he ngaahi tēpile pea letiō ʻa e ngaahi tomuʻa tala ki ha hoa ʻi lalo. Naʻe ngāue ia, pea naʻe ʻikai maʻu ha paʻanga; naʻa ne ʻilo kimui naʻe ʻikai te ne kau ai ʻa e tafitoli ʻo e veʻeteka. Mei he 1976 naʻe fai lelei ʻa e ngāue ʻe ha kulupu ʻo e kau ako fisiki ʻi Santa Cruz, ko e kau Eudaemons. Naʻa nau fakatau ha veʻeteka kasino, fua ʻa e pulu, ʻa e konga vilo, ʻa e tafitoli mo e puna, pea tohi ha ngaahi ʻekuēsini mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻe nima ʻa ia naʻe fakatonutonu ʻe he tokotaha vaʻinga ki he veʻeteka taki taha ʻaki hono lomiʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻā ʻi he motuʻa vaʻe ʻi he miniti ʻe uofulu nai kimuʻa pea peti. Naʻe fakahā ʻe heʻenau komipiuta ʻa e taha ʻo e konga ʻe valu ʻi ha sekoni siʻi pē ki he vilo. ʻI ha tēpile moʻoni ʻi Sānuali 1978 naʻe ʻomi ʻe ia ha tuʻunga lelei naʻa nau pehē ko e 25%; ko e meʻangāue, naʻe haʻi ki he sino pea faʻu kimui ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi sū, naʻe faʻa maumau lahi ange ia ʻi he fisiki (vakai ki he Ko e Kau Eudaemons).

Ko e hā naʻe mahuʻinga ai ʻa e ngaahi peti tōmui

ʻE lava ʻe ha kasino ʻo taʻofi kakato ʻa e tomuʻa tala ʻaki ʻene fakafisi ki ha ngaahi peti ʻi he taimi kuo tukuange ai ʻa e pulu. Naʻe ʻilo ʻe Thorp naʻe meimei ʻikai ha taha naʻa ne fai ia: ʻi Reno, Las Vegas, Lonitoni, Monte Carlo, Nice, Venise mo Puerto Rico ko e anga angamaheni ko hono ui ʻo e “ʻOsi ʻa e petifounga ngāueʻOsi ʻa e petiKo e ui ʻa e tīla (pe ko e fakamanatu ʻi he sioʻata) ʻoku ne tāpuni ʻa e peti. ʻOku ʻikai kei lava ke tuku, hiki pe toʻo ha sipi.Lau kotoa →” ʻi ha takai ʻe taha pe ua kimuʻa pea tō ʻa e pulu. Ko e taimi ko ia ʻa e meʻa kuo fiemaʻu ʻe he founga tomuʻa tala kotoa pē talu mei ai, mei he kau Eudaemons ki he ngaahi peti ui tōmui ʻa e timi ʻo e Ritz ʻi he hala leletēpileHala leleKo e konga fōtunga fua ʻi he ngaahi palani ʻo e tēpile hangatonu mo fakaʻelekitulōnika ʻoku fakahā ai ʻa e ngaahi fika ʻo hangē ko hono hokohoko ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku ngāueʻaki ke tuku ʻa e peti kaungāʻapi mo e peti konga ʻaki ha lomiʻi pē ʻe taha.Lau kotoa →. Naʻe tapui ʻe Nevada ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue tomuʻa tala ʻi Mē 1985, pea ʻoku tāpuni he taimi ni ʻe he ngaahi sitiutio hangatonu ʻa e peti ʻi he tukuange.

Founga naʻe tali ai ʻe he ngaahi kasino

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu naʻe kei tali ai ʻa e ngaahi peti hili ʻa e tukuange, naʻe fakafepakiʻi ʻe he ngaahi kasino ʻa e kau vaʻinga naʻe mahalo ki ai ʻo fakafou ʻi he tīla. Ko e ngaahi fakamatala ʻo e kau vaʻinga sisitemi ʻa Norman Leigh ʻi Nice ʻi he 1966 mo e ngaahi timi tomuʻa tala kimui ʻoku nau fakamatalaʻi ha kulupiekakaiKulupieKo e tīla ʻi ha tēpile lulēti.Lau kotoa → foʻou ʻi he vilo kotoa pē, ha pulu kuo fetongi, ngaahi vilo nounou pe vave, ha tēpile kuo fonu ʻi he kakai ʻa e kasino, pea fakaʻosi ko ha tēpile kuo tāpuni. ʻOku haʻu ʻa e ngaahi talanoa ni mei he tafaʻaki ʻo e kau vaʻinga pea ʻoku faingataʻa ke vakaiʻi (Goldman, 2007). Neongo ia ʻoku ʻuhinga lelei ʻa e ngaahi founga: ʻoku ʻikai lava ʻe ha vilo nounou pe vave ʻo fakahangatonu ʻa e pulu ki ha luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa →, ka ʻoku ne fakahohaʻasi ʻa e taimi ʻoku fua ʻe ha meʻa tomuʻa tala.

ʻE Lava ʻe he Kau Tīla Lulēti ʻo Taumuʻaʻi ha Fika? Ko e Tui Hala

ʻOku fiemaʻu ke fēfē ʻa e lelei ʻo e tomuʻa tala

Naʻe lau ʻe Thorp (1984) ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo ha tomuʻa tala ʻi he taimi ʻoku muimui ai ʻene fehalaaki ki ha piko fakafuofua fafangu: ʻi ha vilo angamaheni ʻoku hala ʻa e luo naʻe tomuʻa tala ʻaki ʻa e luo ʻe σ ki he tafaʻaki ʻe taha pe ko e tafaʻaki ʻe taha. Peti ki he fika naʻe tomuʻa tala toko taha pē, pe ko ia mo e kaungāʻapipetiKaungāʻapiKo ha fika mo e luo ʻe ua ʻi he tafaʻaki takitaha ʻo ia ʻi he veʻeteka, sipi fika ʻe taha ʻe nima.Lau kotoa → ʻe ua ʻi he tafaʻaki taki taha, pea ʻoku makatuʻunga ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻi he σ pē. Ko ha tomuʻa tala haohaoa te ne ikuna ʻa e peti fika ʻe tahapetiPeti fika ʻe tahaFika pē ʻe taha, totongi ʻo e 35:1.Lau kotoa → kotoa pē. ʻI he σ = luo ʻe 10, ko e totonu naʻe aʻu ki ai ʻa Thorp mo Shannon, ʻoku ʻomi ʻe ha peti fika ʻe taha ʻa e +44% nai, ko e fika ʻoku ʻoatu ʻe Thorp ki heʻena meʻangāue; ko ʻene fakamatala ʻi he 1998 ʻoku ne tuku ia ki he vahe valu ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku leleiʻia taha ai. ʻOku holo vave ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻi he tupu ʻa e fehalaaki pea ʻoku mole ʻi he luo ʻe 17 nai ʻi ha veʻeteka ʻIulope mo e 16 ʻi ha veʻeteka ʻAmelika, ʻi he taimi ʻoku hala ai ʻa e tomuʻa tala ʻaki ʻa e meimei konga ʻo e veʻeteka. ʻOku fakahā ʻe he patiseti fehalaaki ʻa Thorp ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻoku ofi ai ʻa e ngataʻanga ko ia: ko e ngaahi fehalaaki kehekehe ʻo e luo ʻe 1.4 mo e 5.5 mei hono taimiʻi ʻo e konga vilo mo e pulu, 7 mei he tō ʻa e pulu ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakaafemeʻangāueMeʻa fakaafeKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ukamea ʻi he konga fakahifo ʻoku nau fakamovetevete ʻa e pulu ʻoku tō. ʻOku toe ui: canoe, diamond, pin.Lau kotoa → mo e 6 mei he puna ʻi he ngaahi luo ʻoku fakataha ʻo meimei 10.8.

Holo ʻa e Vave

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