Ko Hai Naʻa ne Faʻu ʻa e Lulēti? Ko e Tupuʻanga ʻo e Lulēti
Ngaahi veʻeteka lahi, hingoa ʻe taha, mo ha kolo naʻe faifai pea ne tohi ia.
ʻOku ʻikai ha lekooti ʻo ha taha ko ia naʻa ne faʻu ʻa e lulēti. Ko e vaʻinga ʻo hangē ko ʻetau ʻiloʻi ʻoku hā ia ʻi Palesi ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli 18, ʻo fakatahaʻi ha veʻeteka vilo mei ha ngaahi vaʻinga kimuʻa mo ha palani ʻo e tēpile naʻe ʻomi mei he ngaahi vaʻinga tēpile ʻĪtali mo ʻIngilani.
Ngaahi kui
Naʻe ʻomi ʻe ha vaʻinga motuʻa ange ʻe tolu ʻa e ngaahi konga. Ko e ngaahi veʻeteka E.O. (“even-odd”, hoa-taʻehoa) ʻa ʻIngilani ʻo e 1740 tupu naʻe ʻi ai ha veʻeteka vilo mo e luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → ʻe fāngofulu naʻe fakaʻilongaʻi ʻaki ʻa e E pe O pea mo ha pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → naʻe lī ki ai; naʻe tapui ia ʻi he 1745 ka naʻe kei vaʻinga ai pē. Ko e roly-poly, ko ha vaʻinga ʻIngilani kimuʻa ange, naʻe meimei tatau. Ko e vaʻinga lotolī ʻĪtali ko e biribi, ʻoku pehē naʻe kamata ʻi Genoa ʻi he takai ʻo e 1750 pea ʻiloa ʻi Falanisē ko e cavagnole, naʻe ngāueʻaki ai ha papa fika ʻe 70 naʻe peti ki ai ʻa e kau vaʻinga mo ha kato naʻe toʻo mei ai ha fika ʻe taha; ko ha fika ikuna naʻe totongi ʻaki ʻa e liunga 64 ʻo e peti, kau ai ʻa e peti (63 ki he 1), ko ia naʻe tauhi ʻe he pangikē ʻa e 6 ʻi he iunitipaʻangaIunitiKo e peti tefito ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe ha sisitemi pe ha tokotaha vaʻinga. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti ʻaki ʻa e iuniti koeʻuhi ke ngāue ʻi ha tēpile pē.Lau kotoa → kotoa pē ʻe 70 naʻe peti, ko ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 8.57%. Naʻe ui ʻe Casanova, ʻa ia naʻa ne vaʻinga ai ʻi he 1760 tupu, ko ha vaʻinga ia ki he kau kākā, pea naʻe tapui ia ʻe Falanisē ʻi he 1837. Naʻe ʻomi ʻe ia ʻa e fakakaukau ki ha palani ʻo e tēpilemeʻangāuePalani ʻo e tēpileKo e palani peti kuo paaki ʻi he tēpile. ʻOku toe ui: tēpile, felt, cloth.Lau kotoa → ʻo e ngaahi fika mo ha totongipaʻangaTotongiKo e meʻa ʻoku fakafoki ʻe ha peti ikuna, ʻoku fakahā ko e “X ki he 1” ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he peti ʻoku fakafoki.Lau kotoa → lahi. Ko e hoca, naʻe vaʻinga ʻi he fale ʻo e tuʻi Falanisē ʻi he 1600 tupu, naʻe ʻi ai ha fika ʻe tolungofulu mo ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasinomatematikaTuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasinoKo e konga ʻo e peti takitaha ʻoku tauhi ʻe he kasino ʻi he ʻavalisi: 2.70% ʻi he lulēti ʻIulope.Lau kotoa → naʻe langa ʻi he ngaahi luo naʻe tauhi maʻa e kasino. ʻOku ʻikai ko e lulēti ha taha ʻiate kinautolu; ka ʻi heʻenau fakataha ko ʻene ongo mātuʻa kinautolu.
Hoca ʻi he fale ʻo e tuʻi Falanisē: fika ʻe tolungofulu, ngaahi luo ʻo e kasino. Tapui ʻe Louis XIV, ka naʻe kei vaʻinga ai pē.
Biribi ʻi ʻĪtali mo Falanisē: papa fika, fika naʻe toʻo mei ha kato, totongi lahi.
Ngaahi veʻeteka E.O. ʻi he ngaahi fale vaʻinga ʻi ʻIngilani: ha veʻeteka vilo, ha pulu, hoa pe taʻehoa. Tapui 1745.
ʻOku fakatahaʻi ʻe Palesi ʻa e veʻeteka mo e palani fika. Ko e 0 mo e 00 ko e ongo luo ʻo e kasino.
Ko e vaʻinga ʻi he Palais-Royal ʻoku fakamatalaʻi fakaikiiki ʻe he tohi talanoa ʻa Lablée (1801).
Naʻe faʻu ʻi fē ʻa e lulēti? ʻI Palesi, ʻi he 1796
Ko e tohi talanoa La Roulette, ou le Jour ʻa Jaques Lablée, naʻe pulusi ʻi he 1801, ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi ha veʻeteka ʻi he Palais-Royal ʻi he 1796 mo e ngaahi fika 1 ki he 36, ha noaveʻetekaNoaKo e luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai kāpui ʻe ha peti totongi tatau, peti tasini pe peti kōlomu; ko e tupuʻanga ia ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino. ʻOku toe ui: noa ʻe taha, 0.Lau kotoa → kulokulapetiKulokulaPeti totongi tatau ki he fika kulokula ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: rouge.Lau kotoa → mo ha noa uafaʻahingaNoa uaKo e luo 00 ʻo e veʻeteka ʻAmelika. ʻOku hiki hake ʻe hono ʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino mei he 2.70% ki he 5.26%.Lau kotoa → ʻuliʻulipetiʻUliʻuliPeti totongi tatau ki he fika ʻuliʻuli ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: noir.Lau kotoa → naʻe tauhi maʻa e kasino, pea mo ha palani ʻo e tēpile mo e ngaahi peti ʻi loto mo e peti ʻi tuʻapetiPeti ʻi tuʻaKo ha peti ki he ngaahi puha ʻoku takatakai ʻi he palani: ngaahi tasini, ngaahi kōlomu mo e ngaahi peti totongi tatau.Lau kotoa → meimei hangē ko ʻena ʻi ai he ʻaho ni. Ko e ʻuluaki fakamatala kakato ia pea ko e vaʻinga ʻo onopooni ia. Ko e Palais-Royal ko e feituʻu vaʻinga paʻanga ia ʻo Palesi, naʻe fakangofua mo tukuhauʻi, kae ʻoua kuo tekeʻi ʻe he tapui ʻo e 1837 ʻa e vaʻinga ki he ngaahi kolo vai mafana ʻi Siamane.
Bad Homburg mo e Ngaahi Kasino ʻi he Ngaahi Kolo Vai MafanaPeti ʻi Loto mo e Peti ʻi Tuʻa ʻi he Lulēti
Ko e hingoa
Ko e roulette ko e lea Falanisē ia ki he “kiʻi veʻeteka”. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e lea ki ha ngaahi vaʻinga veʻeteka kehe kimuʻa pea toki nofo ki he vaʻinga ni: ko ha tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e 1758 ki New France, ko e kolonia Falanisē ʻi he St Lawrence, naʻe ʻosi tapui ai ʻa e “taisi, hoca, faro mo e roulette”, ʻo hangē ko e lipooti ʻa Shelley (1988), ʻo ʻikai fakahā pe naʻe fēfē ʻa e roulette ko ia. ʻI he ngaahi maʻuʻanga ʻIngilisi kimuʻa ʻoku ui ʻa e vaʻinga ʻi ha taimi ko e “roulet” pe fakamatalaʻi ko e “E.O. Falanisē”. ʻI he 1820 tupu, naʻe ʻuhinga ʻa e “roulette” ki ha vaʻinga pē ʻe taha ʻi ʻIulope kotoa.
Ko e ongo noa
Ko e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻuluaki ʻi Palesi naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e 0 mo e 00, ʻa ia naʻe ʻoange ai ki he kasino ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 5.26% ʻi ha veʻeteka luo ʻe 38. Ko e veʻeteka noa ʻe taha ko ha ngāue fakapisinisi ia ʻa e ongo tokoua Blanc ʻi Bad Homburg ʻi he 1843, ke tohoakiʻi mai ʻa e kau vaʻinga mei he ngaahi kolo vai mafana fakafeʻauhi. Naʻe tauhi ʻe he veʻeteka ʻAmelika ʻa e ongo noa koeʻuhi naʻe ʻosi aʻu ʻa e vaʻinga ki ʻAmelika kimuʻa ʻi he liliu pea naʻe ʻikai ha taha ai naʻe ʻi ai hano fakafeʻauhi ke fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e totongi. Naʻe lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻAmelika kimuʻa ʻe niʻihi: ko ha palani ʻe taha ʻo e senituli 19 naʻe ʻi ai pē ʻa e ngaahi fika 1 ki he 28 mo e 0, 00 mo ha ʻīkale, naʻe totongi ha fika ʻe taha ʻaki ʻa e 27 maʻa e 1, ko ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 12.90%, pea naʻe toʻo ʻa e 9.68% ʻi hono ngaahi kōlomupetiKōlomuFika ʻe hongofulu mā ua ʻi ha kōlomu tuʻu hake ʻe taha ʻo e palani ʻo e tēpile, totongi ʻo e 2:1.Lau kotoa → mo e ngaahi lanu. Naʻe ʻikai tolonga ia.
Ko e hā naʻe mafola ai
ʻOku ʻikai fie maʻu ʻe he lulēti ha poto, ʻoku ʻosi ʻi he miniti kotoa pē, pea ʻoku ne tuku ke peti fakataha ha kau vaʻinga tokolahi ki ha kasino ʻe ʻikai lava ke mole ʻi he taimi lōloa. Ki ha tokotaha pule kasino ko e vaʻinga lelei taha ia: vave, faingofua, lava ke fakalahi pea maʻu ai ha tupu ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻoku ʻiloʻi. Ki ha puleʻanga, ʻoku lava ke tukuhauʻi. Naʻe muimui ʻa e vaʻinga ki he paʻanga mo e ngaahi ngofua mei Palesi ki Homburg ki Monaco ki he feituʻu kotoa pē.
Lulēti ʻi Monte CarloFakaofi ʻi he Taimi Lōloa: Ko e Lao ʻo e Ngaahi Fika Lalahi ʻi he Lulēti
Meʻa naʻe ʻikai liliu
Ko e palani ʻo e tēpile, ko e ngaahi totongi (36/n − 1), ko e hokohoko pau ʻo ha takai mo e ngāue ʻa e tīla ʻoku tatau ʻi he fakamatala ʻa Lablée mo ha fakamafola hangatonu he ʻaho ni. Ko e hokohoko ʻo e veʻeteka, ko e ngaahi meʻa fakaafemeʻangāueMeʻa fakaafeKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ukamea ʻi he konga fakahifo ʻoku nau fakamovetevete ʻa e pulu ʻoku tō. ʻOku toe ui: canoe, diamond, pin.Lau kotoa → mo e ngaahi meʻa vahemeʻangāueMeʻa vaheKo e meʻa vahe ukamea ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e luo ʻe ua ʻi he veʻeteka.Lau kotoa → māʻulalo ko ha ngaahi fakalelei ia ʻo e senituli 19 ki he kau vaʻinga naʻa nau ako ke siofi ʻa e pulu. Ko e noa ʻe taha ko e liliu pē ia naʻe ala ki he faingamālie, pea naʻe lelei ange ai.
Ngaahi fehuʻi
Naʻa ne ʻahiʻahi ki he ngaahi veʻeteka vilo ʻi he 1650 tupu koeʻuhi ko ha ngaahi ʻuhinga kehe. Ko e fakafekauʻaki ko ha talatukufakaholo pē, ʻikai ha lekooti. Vakai ki heʻene peesi.
Naʻe fakangofua ʻi he Palais-Royal ʻo aʻu ki he 1837, pea tapui ai ʻo aʻu ki he 1907, ʻa ia naʻe toe fakangofua ai ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi he ngaahi kolo vai mafana mo e matātahi.
Ke fetongitongi pau ʻa e ngaahi lanu pea vahevahe ʻa e māʻolunga/māʻulalo mo e taʻehoa/hoa. Naʻe fokotuʻu pau ʻa e hokohoko ʻi he senituli 19 pea naʻe ʻikai liliu.
Vaʻinga mo e Matematika
ʻUluaki feinga ke ke fakaleleiʻi ʻe koe. Kuo pelu ʻa e tali takitaha; fakaava ia ʻi hoʻo mateuteu.
Naʻe fakafoki mai ʻe he Biribi ʻa e 64 maʻa e 1 ki ha fika ʻe taha ʻi he 70, kau ai ʻa e peti: 63 ki he 1. Ko e hā ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ko ia? Kapau naʻe ʻoatu ai ha peti ki ha fika ʻe ua, ko e hā ʻa e totongipaʻangaTotongiKo e meʻa ʻoku fakafoki ʻe ha peti ikuna, ʻoku fakahā ko e “X ki he 1” ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he peti ʻoku fakafoki.Lau kotoa → ʻe tauhi ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei tatau?
Fakahā ʻa e tali
Tali Ko e tuʻunga lelei ko e 6/70, 8.57%. ʻE totongi ʻe ha peti fika ʻe ua ʻa e 31 ki he 1, ko ha fika kakato.
ʻOku ikuna ʻa e fika ʻe taha ʻo liunga taha ʻi he toho ʻe 70 pea totongi ʻa e iunitipaʻangaIunitiKo e peti tefito ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe ha sisitemi pe ha tokotaha vaʻinga. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti ʻaki ʻa e iuniti koeʻuhi ke ngāue ʻi ha tēpile pē.Lau kotoa → ʻe 63; ʻoku mole ʻa e 1 ʻi he toho ʻe 69 kehe: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, ko ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 8.57%. Ko hono fakamatala ʻi ha founga kehe, ʻoku fakafoki mai ʻe he pangikē ʻa e 64 ʻi he feituʻu ʻe totongi ai ʻe ha vaʻinga faitotonumatematikaVaʻinga faitotonuKo ha vaʻinga ʻoku ʻikai maʻu ʻe ha tafaʻaki ha tuʻunga lelei: ko e peti kotoa pē ʻoku noa hono mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.Lau kotoa → ʻa e 70.
Ko ha peti fika ʻe ua ʻi he x ki he 1 ʻoku ikuna ʻo liunga ua ʻi he toho ʻe 70: iuniti ʻe 2x ʻoku ikuna ʻo fakahoa ki he 68 ʻoku mole, ko ha mahuʻinga ʻamanekinamatematikaMahuʻinga ʻamanekinaKo e ola ʻavalisi ʻi he peti takitaha ʻi he taimi lōloa. −1/37 ʻo e peti ki he peti ʻIulope angamaheni kotoa pē.Lau kotoa → ʻo e (2x − 68)/70. Fakatatau ʻa e 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. Ko e 32 ia ʻoku foki mai maʻa e 1, ko e vaeua ʻo e 64.
ʻOku muimui ʻa e ngaahi totongi ʻa e Biribi ki he 64/n ʻoku foki mai maʻa e 1, pea ʻoku vaeua maʻa ʻa e 64 ki he fika ʻe 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mo e 32, ko ia ʻoku hoko ʻa e ngaahi peti ko ia ko ha fika kakato. ʻOku vahe tatau ʻa e 36 ʻa e lulēti ʻe he 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 mo e 36, ʻa ia ʻoku feʻunga mo ha palani ʻo e tēpilemeʻangāuePalani ʻo e tēpileKo e palani peti kuo paaki ʻi he tēpile. ʻOku toe ui: tēpile, felt, cloth.Lau kotoa → ʻo e ngaahi laine ʻo e tolu.
Ko e fika ʻe 70 ʻa e Biribi, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he ngaahi laine, naʻe toe ai ha feituʻu ki ha peti fika ʻe tolu ʻe fā. ʻI he lao ʻoku ʻi mui ʻi he tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 8.57% ʻo e fika ʻe taha, ko e hā ʻa e totongi ʻe fiemaʻu ki ha peti fika ʻe tolu? Ko e hā ʻa e totongi ʻe mole ʻi he ngaahi totongi kakato ofi taha?
Fakahā ʻa e tali
Tali 20⅓ ki he 1. Ko hono totongi ʻa e 20 ki he 1 ʻe mole ai ʻa e 10%; ko hono totongi ʻa e 21 ki he 1, 5.71%.
Ko e lao mei he palopalema ʻi ʻolunga: ko ha peti ki he fika ʻe n ʻoku ne fakafoki mai ʻa e 64/n maʻa e 1. Ki he fika ʻe tolu ko e 64/3 = 21⅓ ia ʻoku foki mai, pe 20⅓ ki he 1, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai lava ke totongi ʻe ha sipipaʻangaSipiKo ha fakaʻilonga ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ha paʻanga paʻu, ʻoku tuku ki he palani ʻo e tēpile ke fai ʻaki ha peti. ʻOku toe ui: check.Lau kotoa →.
Ko ha peti fika ʻe tolu ʻi he x ki he 1 ʻoku ikuna ʻo liunga 3 ʻi he toho ʻe 70 pea mole ʻo liunga 67: ko ha mahuʻinga ʻamanekina ʻo e (3x − 67)/70. ʻI he 20 ki he 1: −7/70, 10%. ʻI he 21 ki he 1: −4/70, 5.71%.
Ko hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻaki ʻa e vahe tolu ʻo ha iuniti ʻoku mole ai ʻi he tokotaha vaʻinga ʻa e meimei poini ʻe taha mo e vaeua; ko hono fakalahi ʻoku fakafoki mai ai ʻa e meimei poini ʻe tolu. Ko e tolungofulu mā ono, mo hono ngaahi vahe lahi, ʻoku ne fakahaofi ʻa e lulēti mei he fili ko ia ʻi he peti kotoa pē tuku kehe ʻa e peti fika ʻe nima ʻAmelika.
Naʻe ʻi ai ʻi he veʻeteka ʻikale ʻo e senituli hono 19 ha luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → ʻe 31, 1 ki he 28 fakataha mo e 0, 00 mo ha ʻikale, pea naʻe totongi ʻa e 27 maʻa e 1 ki ha fika ʻe taha. Naʻe mole ʻi hono ngaahi peti kōlomupetiKōlomuFika ʻe hongofulu mā ua ʻi ha kōlomu tuʻu hake ʻe taha ʻo e palani ʻo e tēpile, totongi ʻo e 2:1.Lau kotoa → mo e lanu ʻa e 9.68%. Ko e hā ʻa e totongi ʻe fiemaʻu ki ha peti fika ʻe fā, “maʻa e 1”, ke mole ai ʻa e meʻa tatau?
Fakahā ʻa e tali
Tali 7 maʻa e 1, ʻa ia ʻoku mole ai ʻa e 3/31 = 9.68%.
Ko ha peti ʻoku totongi ʻa e X maʻa e 1 ʻoku ne fakafoki mai ʻa e iuniti ʻe X, kau ai ʻa e peti, ʻi heʻene ikuna. ʻOku ikuna ʻa e peti fika ʻe fā ʻo liunga 4 ʻi he 31, ko ia ʻoku ne fakafoki mai ʻa e iuniti ʻe 4X ki he 31 kotoa pē naʻe peti: ko ha mahuʻinga ʻamanekina ʻo e (4X − 31)/31.
ʻI he 7 maʻa e 1 ko e −3/31 ia, 9.68%, tatau mo e ngaahi kōlomu mo e lanu. ʻI he 8 maʻa e 1 ʻe +1/31, ko ha tuʻunga lelei maʻa e tokotaha vaʻinga. Ko ia ko e lao ʻo e veʻeteka ʻikale ko e (28 − n)/n ki he 1, luo ʻe tolu ʻa e kasino ʻi he 31.
Meʻa fakaoli
Veʻeteka ʻIngilani, palani ʻĪtali, hingoa Falanisē, noa ʻe ua.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, paaki hono 4.