Lulēti ʻi Monte Carlo
Ko e kasino naʻa ne liliu ha kiʻi puleʻanga siʻisiʻi ko e ʻapi ʻo e veʻeteka noa ʻe taha.
Naʻe ava ʻi he 1863 ʻi he malumalu ʻo François Blanc, pea naʻe fakahoko ʻe he Casino de Monte-Carlo ʻa e veʻeteka ʻIulope ko e tuʻunga angamaheni ʻi he konitinēniti pea ʻoange ki he lulēti ʻene ngaahi talanoa ʻiloa taha, mei he veʻeteka hehema ʻa Jagger ki he ʻuliʻuli ʻe 26 ʻo e 1913.
Ko e hā ʻa Monaco
ʻI he 1850 tupu ko Monaco ko ha maka paʻanga ʻosi mo ha pilinisi, ha palasi pea ʻikai ha ngāue fakapisinisi. Naʻe lolotonga tapui ʻa e vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi he ngaahi siteiti ʻo Siamane, ʻa ia naʻe tupulekina ai ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi he ngaahi kolo vai mafana. Naʻe ʻoange ʻe Pilinisi Charles III ha ngofua kasino ʻi he 1856; naʻe tō ʻa e ngaahi feinga ʻuluaki koeʻuhi naʻe ʻikai ha hala lēlue pe ha hala. Naʻe fakatau ʻe François Blanc, ʻa ia naʻa ne fakaʻiloaʻi ʻa Bad Homburg, ʻa e ngofua ʻi he 1863, ʻo ne langa ʻa e Société des Bains de Mer, kole mālohi ke ʻi ai ha hala lēlue mei Nice, pea fakahingoa ʻa e feituʻu foʻou ko Monte Carlo ki he pilinisi. Naʻe fakapaʻanga ʻe he kasino ʻa e puleʻanga ʻo kakato ʻaupito ʻo tāmateʻi ai ʻa e tukuhau paʻanga hū mai ʻi he 1869 pea naʻe ʻikai toe foki mai.
Ko e noa ʻe taha ko ha tuʻutuʻuni
Naʻe ʻomi ʻe Blanc ʻa e veʻeteka noaveʻetekaNoaKo e luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai kāpui ʻe ha peti totongi tatau, peti tasini pe peti kōlomu; ko e tupuʻanga ia ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino. ʻOku toe ui: noa ʻe taha, 0.Lau kotoa → ʻe taha mei Homburg. ʻI Monte Carlo naʻe ʻikai ko ha founga fakafeʻauhi ia ka ko e tuʻunga angamaheni: ʻi he tēpile kotoa pē, ʻi he ʻaho kotoa pē. Naʻe ako ʻe he kau vaʻinga mei ʻIulope kotoa ʻa e vaʻinga lulēti ʻo Monte Carlo ʻi he 2.70% pea naʻa nau ʻamanekina ia ʻi ha feituʻu kehe, ko ia ai ʻoku kei moʻui pē ʻa e noa uafaʻahingaNoa uaKo e luo 00 ʻo e veʻeteka ʻAmelika. ʻOku hiki hake ʻe hono ʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino mei he 2.70% ki he 5.26%.Lau kotoa → ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu naʻe ʻikai fokotuʻu ai ʻe Monte Carlo ʻa e tuʻunga angamaheni.
ʻUluaki ngofua kasino ʻi Monaco. Tō: ʻikai ha hala, ʻikai ha hala lēlue, kau vaʻinga tokosiʻi.
ʻOku pule ʻa François Blanc. Fokotuʻu ʻa e Société des Bains de Mer.
Ava ʻa e hala lēlue mei Nice. Aʻu mai ʻa e kau ʻaʻahi ʻo fonu ʻa e ngaahi lēlue.
Tāmateʻi ʻa e tukuhau paʻanga hū mai ʻi Monaco.
ʻOku ʻilo ʻe Joseph Jagger ha hehema ʻi he ngaahi veʻeteka pea ikunaʻi ha koloa lahi; ʻoku hikihiki ʻe he kasino hono ngaahi veʻeteka, pea toki fetongi kinautolu.
ʻOku “maumauʻi ʻe Charles Wells ʻa e pangikē” tuʻo lahi ʻi ha ʻaho siʻi, ʻaki ʻa e monūʻia mo ha sisitemi naʻe ʻikai te ne fakamatalaʻi ʻo taʻengata.
ʻUliʻuli ʻe 26 hokohoko. ʻOku maʻu ʻe he fehalaaki ʻa e tokotaha peti hono hingoa ʻe taha.
ʻOku mole ʻi he Casino de Monte-Carlo ʻene pule toko taha ki he vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi he Riviera ʻi he toe ava ʻa e ngaahi kasino Falanisē.
Maumauʻi ʻa e pangikē
Naʻe ʻi ai ha paʻanga tauhi ʻi he tēpile lulēti kotoa pē ʻi Monte Carlo, ko e “pangikē”. ʻI he taimi naʻe ikunaʻi ai ʻe ha tokotaha vaʻinga ʻo lahi ange ʻi he paʻanga tauhi, naʻe ʻufiʻufi ʻa e tēpile ʻaki ha tupenu ʻuliʻulipetiʻUliʻuliPeti totongi tatau ki he fika ʻuliʻuli ʻe 18. Faka-Falanisē: noir.Lau kotoa → lolotonga ʻa hono ʻomi ha toe paʻanga: naʻe “maumauʻi” ʻa e pangikē. Naʻe faʻa hoko ia pea ko ha fakaʻaliʻali lelei ʻaupito; naʻe ʻikai ʻuhinga ia kuo mole paʻanga ʻa e kasino ʻi he kātoa, ka kuo ʻosi pē ʻa e paʻanga ʻa e tēpile ʻe taha. Naʻe fai ia ʻe Charles Wells tuʻo lahi ʻi he 1891 ʻi ha hokohoko fakaofo, naʻe hoko ko ha hiva ʻi he ngaahi fale faiva, pea naʻe toe mole ha konga ʻo ia ʻi he faʻahitaʻu momoko ko ia.
Ko e ngaahi talanoa
Ko e veʻeteka hehemalēpiVeʻeteka hehemaKo ha veʻeteka ʻoku ʻi ai hano ngaahi maumau fakatuʻasino ʻoku ne ʻai ke ngalingali lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi luo ʻe niʻihi ʻi he 1/37. ʻOku tātāitaha, pea ʻoku ʻiloʻi pē ʻaki ha ngaahi afe ʻo e ngaahi vilo kuo hiki.Lau kotoa → ʻa Joseph Jagger (ʻi he takai ʻo e 1880), ko Wells (1891) mo e ʻuliʻuli ʻe 26 (1913) naʻe hoko kotoa ʻi heni, pea ʻoku hā taki taha ʻi heʻene peesi pē ʻaʻana. Naʻe fakapapauʻi ʻe he potungāue fakaʻaliʻali ʻa e kasino, ʻa ia naʻe muʻomuʻa ʻi hono kuonga, naʻe lipooti kotoa kinautolu ʻi he ngaahi nusipepa ʻo Lonitoni. Ko ha talatupuʻa ʻo ha feituʻu naʻe ikunaʻi ai ha ngaahi koloa naʻe fakatau atu ai ʻa e tikite lēlue lahi ange ʻi ha fakamatala faitotonu ki he 2.70%.
Ko e vaʻinga lulēti ʻo Monte Carlo he ʻaho ni
ʻOku kei ngāue ʻa e kasino, pea ko e lulēti ʻoku kei ʻi he loto ʻo e loki lahi, mo e ngaahi veʻeteka noa ʻe taha mo e ngaahi lao Falanisē (la partagelaoLa partageLao faka-Falanisē: ʻi he hū ʻa e noa, ʻoku fakafoki ʻa e vaeua ʻo ha peti totongi tatau. ʻOku vaeua ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino ʻi he ngaahi peti ko ia ki he 1.35%.Lau kotoa → pe en prisonlaoEn prisonLao faka-Falanisē: ʻi he hū ʻa e noa, ʻoku puke ha peti totongi tatau ki he vilo hoko kae ʻikai mole. ʻOku vaeua ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino ʻi he ngaahi peti ko ia.Lau kotoa → ʻi he ngaahi peti totongi tatau). Ko e Société des Bains de Mer ʻoku kei hoko ko e kautaha lahi taha ʻo e puleʻanga. Ko e founga Monte Carlo ʻi he matematika, naʻe fakahingoa ʻe Ulam mo von Neumann ʻi he 1940 tupu ki he kasino, ko ia ʻoku ne fakalele ʻa e ngaahi meʻa faʻifaʻitaki ʻi he uepisaiti ni.
Ngaahi fehuʻi
ʻIkai. Kuo tapui kinautolu talu mei he senituli 19; naʻe maʻa e kau ʻaʻahi ʻa e kasino.
ʻOku lipooti maʻu pē ia ʻi he ngaahi fakamatala ʻamui; ko e ngaahi lekooti ʻa e kasino ʻo e kuonga ko ia ʻoku ʻikai fakahā ki he kakai. ʻOku tatau ʻa e ngalingalimatematikaNgalingaliKo e faingamālie ʻo ha ola, mei he 0 ki he 1 pe 0% ki he 100%. Fika ʻe taha: 1/37 = 2.70%.Lau kotoa → mo hono hoko ʻi ha feituʻu ʻi he taʻu ʻe nimangofulu ʻo e vaʻinga.
Naʻe vaʻinga paʻanga ai ʻa e ʻanikolo ʻo Stanislaw Ulam; ko e hingoa ko ha lea fufū ia ki hono fili taʻefakataumuʻa ha sīpinga ʻi he Manhattan Project.
Meʻa fakaoli
Naʻe faʻa maumauʻi ʻa e pangikē. Naʻe ʻikai ha veiveiua ki he kasino.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.