Vakaiʻi ʻo e Ngaahi Konga
ʻOku uesia fakataha ʻe ha ngaahi palopalema fakatuʻasino ʻa e ngaahi luo ʻoku fehoko, ko ia sivi ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻo e veʻeteka, ʻo ʻikai ko e ngaahi fika taki taha pē.
Vahevahe ʻa e luo ʻe 37 ki ha ngaahi konga ʻoku fehoko pea fakahoa ʻa e ngaahi tō naʻe sio ki ai mo e meʻa naʻe ʻamanekina ʻi he konga taki taha. Ko ha hehema moʻoni ʻoku faʻa hā ia ko ha konga ʻe taha pe ua ʻoku fehoko ʻoku vela ʻi ha ngaahi sīpinga tauʻatāina.
Founga
Vahevahe ʻa e veʻeteka ki ha ngaahi kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa → ʻoku fehoko, ʻo faʻa ko e konga ʻe ono ʻo e luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → ʻe ono pe fitu, ʻo muimui ki he hokohoko ʻi he veʻeteka ʻo ʻikai ko e palani ʻo e tēpilemeʻangāuePalani ʻo e tēpileKo e palani peti kuo paaki ʻi he tēpile. ʻOku toe ui: tēpile, felt, cloth.Lau kotoa →. Ki ha konga taki taha ʻo e luo ʻe k, ko e ngaahi tō ʻoku ʻamanekina ko e n·k/37 pea ko e mavahe fakasitanatematematikaMavahe fakasitanateAka ua ʻo e vēliani; ko e mamaʻo angamaheni ʻo ha ola mei he mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.Lau kotoa → ko e √(n·p·(1−p)) mo e p = k/37. Lau ʻa e z = (naʻe sio ki ai − ʻamanekina)/σ ki he konga taki taha. Ko ha konga ʻoku māʻolunga ange ʻi he +2 ʻoku taau ke toe vakai ki ai; māʻolunga ange ʻi he +3, ʻi ha ongo sīpinga tauʻatāina ʻe ua, ʻoku mahuʻinga ia.
Ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi konga
Ko e ngaahi sivi ʻo e luo taki taha ʻoku ʻi ai hono faingamālie ʻe 37 ke ʻomi ha ola pau hala pea ʻoku vaivai ʻa e fakaʻilonga ʻi he taha kotoa. Ko e ngaahi sivi ʻo e konga ʻoku ʻi ai hono faingamālie ʻe ono pea ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻoku fakataha ʻi he ngaahi luo ʻoku fehoko. ʻOku nau toe hoa mo e fisiki: ko ha veʻeteka ʻoku tafitoli ʻoku hehema ai ʻa e pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → ke mavahe mei he hala ʻi he tafaʻaki māʻolunga, ʻa ia ʻoku leleiʻia ai ha konga; ko ha meʻa vahemeʻangāueMeʻa vaheKo e meʻa vahe ukamea ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e luo ʻe ua ʻi he veʻeteka.Lau kotoa → ʻoku mangaʻaki pe pikopiko ʻoku ne liliu ʻa e puna ʻi he ngaahi luo ʻi hono tafaʻaki; ko ha hala ʻo e pulumeʻangāueHala ʻo e puluKo e luo lōloa ʻi he kapa ʻoku lele ai ʻa e pulu kimuʻa pea tuai mo tō. ʻOku toe ui: hala ʻi ʻolunga.Lau kotoa → kuo motuʻa ʻoku ne ngaohi ha feituʻu tō ʻoku leleiʻia ai ʻa e ngaahi luo pē ʻoku ʻi lalo ai ʻi he taimi ʻo e tō, pea ʻi ha vave ʻo e konga vilomeʻangāueKonga viloKo e konga ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku vilo pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi luo.Lau kotoa → ʻoku liliu māmālie ʻoku mafola ia ʻi ha konga lahi. ʻOku ʻikai ha taha ʻo e ngaahi palopalema ko ia ʻoku leleiʻia ʻi ha luo pē ʻe taha toko taha.
Ngaahi konga ʻoku ngaʻunu
ʻE lava ʻe ha ngaahi kauʻāfonua tuʻu maʻu ʻo vaeua ha konga vela ki ha ongo konga ʻe ua pea fakavaivaiʻi ia. Ko ha founga ʻoku fakakakato ai ʻoku ne ngaʻunu ha matapā sio ʻo e luo ʻe k takatakai ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻo lau ʻa e z ʻi he feituʻu taki taha ʻe 37, pea kumi ki he lahi taha. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e maaka z ʻe 37 ʻoku fekauʻaki ʻi ha veʻeteka faitotonu ʻoku faʻa meimei 2.2 ki he 2.5, ko ia ko ha lahi taha ʻo e matapā ngaʻunu ʻoku siʻi hifo ʻi he 2.5 ko e longoaʻa pē pea ko e tuʻunga ke tokanga ai ʻoku māʻolunga ange ia, ʻo meimei 3.5.
Mei he konga ki he peti
Kapau kuo fakapapauʻi ʻoku vela ha konga, ko e peti ʻoku fakanatula ko e kaungāʻapipetiKaungāʻapiKo ha fika mo e luo ʻe ua ʻi he tafaʻaki takitaha ʻo ia ʻi he veʻeteka, sipi fika ʻe taha ʻe nima.Lau kotoa → ʻi hono lotoloto pe ko ha ngaahi peti fika ʻe tahapetiPeti fika ʻe tahaFika pē ʻe taha, totongi ʻo e 35:1.Lau kotoa → ʻoku tuku ʻaki ʻa e nima ʻi he konga kotoa. Ko e sivi ʻo e tupu ko e tuʻunga tō ʻo e konga ʻo fakahoa ki he totongipaʻangaTotongiKo e meʻa ʻoku fakafoki ʻe ha peti ikuna, ʻoku fakahā ko e “X ki he 1” ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he peti ʻoku fakafoki.Lau kotoa →: kuo pau ke tō ʻa e konga ʻo e luo ʻe ono ʻi he taimi lahi ange ʻi he 6/36 = 16.7% (naʻe sio ki ai, toe fai) ke tatau pē ʻa e sipipaʻangaSipiKo ha fakaʻilonga ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ha paʻanga paʻu, ʻoku tuku ki he palani ʻo e tēpile ke fai ʻaki ha peti. ʻOku toe ui: check.Lau kotoa → ʻe ono ʻi he peti fika ʻe taha, ʻo fakahoa ki he 16.2% faitotonu. Ko e vahaʻa ko e konga ʻo ha peseti ʻe taha, ko ia ʻoku fiemaʻu ai ʻa e vilo ʻe hongofulu ʻo e ngaahi afe ke fakapapauʻi ia.
Ko e meʻa vakaiʻi
Ko e Meʻa Vakaiʻi ʻo e Hehema ʻo e Veʻeteka Lulēti ʻi he uepisaiti ni ʻoku ne tali ha lisi ʻo e ngaahi vilo, lau ʻa e chi-square, pea fakahā ʻa e veʻeteka ko ha mape vela mo e maaka z ʻo e ngaahi konga, ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e vahevahe ʻi ʻolunga ko e tuʻunga angamaheni. ʻOku toe fakafefioʻaki ʻe ia hoʻo fakamatala ke fakahā pe ʻoku fēfē ʻa e ngaahi fika fakasitetisitika tatau ʻi ha veʻeteka faitotonu, ʻa ia ko e faitoʻo vave taha ia ki he sio ki ha ngaahi sīpinga ʻoku ʻikai ʻi ai.
Fomula
Ngaahi fehuʻi
Ko e ono ʻoku angamaheni. Kapau ʻoku siʻi ange, ʻoku mole ʻa e mahino; kapau ʻoku lahi ange, ʻoku mole ʻa e mālohi. Fili kimuʻa.
Fakatahaʻi kinaua pea lau ʻa e z ki he konga kuo fakataha. Ko ha palopalema moʻoni ʻoku faʻa ʻi he kauʻāfonua.
ʻIkai. Ko e ngaahi konga ko e ngaahi konga ʻo e veʻeteka. ʻOku ʻikai ko e ngaahi konga ʻa e ngaahi tasinipetiTasini1–12, 13–24 pe 25–36, totongi ʻo e 2:1.Lau kotoa → mo e ngaahi kōlomupetiKōlomuFika ʻe hongofulu mā ua ʻi ha kōlomu tuʻu hake ʻe taha ʻo e palani ʻo e tēpile, totongi ʻo e 2:1.Lau kotoa →.
Meʻa fakaoli
ʻOku fakatuʻasino ʻa e ngaahi palopalema. Ko e meʻa fakatuʻasino ʻoku ʻi ha feituʻu pē. Sivi ʻa e ngaahi konga.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Pearson, K. “On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable…”