Founga Ngāue
Ko e founga ʻoku maʻu ai ʻa e fika kotoa pē ʻi he uepisaiti ni, koeʻuhi ke lava ʻo toe fakahoko ha taha pē ʻo kinautolu.
ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e ngaahi fika kotoa ki ha veʻeteka ʻIulope faitotonu: luo ʻe 37 ʻoku tatau honau ngalingali, ngaahi vilo tauʻatāinamatematikaNgaahi vilo tauʻatāinaʻOku tatau pē ʻa e ngalingali ʻi he vilo takitaha neongo pe ko e hā naʻe hoko kimuʻa. Ko e tefito ia ʻo e fakatatau kotoa pē ʻi he uepisaiti ni.Lau kotoa →, totongipaʻangaTotongiKo e meʻa ʻoku fakafoki ʻe ha peti ikuna, ʻoku fakahā ko e “X ki he 1” ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he peti ʻoku fakafoki.Lau kotoa → ʻo e 36/n − 1, ʻikai ha la partagelaoLa partageLao faka-Falanisē: ʻi he hū ʻa e noa, ʻoku fakafoki ʻa e vaeua ʻo ha peti totongi tatau. ʻOku vaeua ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino ʻi he ngaahi peti ko ia ki he 1.35%.Lau kotoa → tukukehe kapau ʻoku lea ʻaki. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he ngaahi faʻifaʻitaki ha meʻa ngaohi fika mo ha tenga (seed) pea ʻoku nau fakahā ʻa e tenga mo e lahi ʻo e sīpinga.
Ngaahi fika mei he fomula
NgalingalimatematikaNgalingaliKo e faingamālie ʻo ha ola, mei he 0 ki he 1 pe 0% ki he 100%. Fika ʻe taha: 1/37 = 2.70%.Lau kotoa → = ngaahi fika ʻoku kapui / 37. Mahuʻinga ʻamanekinamatematikaMahuʻinga ʻamanekinaKo e ola ʻavalisi ʻi he peti takitaha ʻi he taimi lōloa. −1/37 ʻo e peti ki he peti ʻIulope angamaheni kotoa pē.Lau kotoa → = −peti/37. VēlianimatematikaVēlianiKo ha fua ʻo hono mafola ʻo e ngaahi ola takatakai ʻi he mahuʻinga ʻamanekina. Māʻolunga ki he peti fika ʻe taha, māʻulalo ki he ngaahi peti totongi tatau.Lau kotoa → ki he iunitipaʻangaIunitiKo e peti tefito ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe ha sisitemi pe ha tokotaha vaʻinga. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti ʻaki ʻa e iuniti koeʻuhi ke ngāue ʻi ha tēpile pē.Lau kotoa → = p·W² + (1 − p) − EV². Ngaahi hokohoko: (18/37)ᵏ. Fakatuʻutāmaki ke ʻosi ʻa e paʻangamatematikaFakatuʻutāmaki ke ʻosi ʻa e paʻangaKo e ngalingali ke mole kotoa ʻa e paʻanga vaʻinga kimuʻa pea aʻu ki ha taumuʻa pe ki ha lahi ʻo e vilo.Lau kotoa →: ko e fomula ʻo e ʻosi ʻa e paʻanga ʻa e tokotaha peti mo e p = 18/37. Ngaahi fakafuofua ʻo e lahi ʻo e sīpinga: fakafuofua normal ki ha sivi ʻo ha vahe ʻe taha ʻi he α = 0.05 ʻi he tafaʻaki pē ʻe taha mo e mālohi ʻo e 80%.
Ngaahi faʻifaʻitaki
ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he ngaahi taimi vaʻinga Monte Carlo ʻa e ngaahi peti totongi tataupetiPeti totongi tatauKulokula/ʻuliʻuli, taʻehoa/hoa, māʻolunga/māʻulalo. Fika ʻe 18, totongi ʻo e 1:1.Lau kotoa → mo e ngalingali ikuna ʻo e 18/37. ʻOku ʻikai lava ke lahi ange ha peti ʻi he fakangatangata ʻo e tēpiletēpileFakangatangata ʻo e tēpileKo e peti siʻi taha mo e peti lahi taha ʻoku ngofua. Ko e peti lahi taha ʻoku ne taʻofi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti fakaua.Lau kotoa → pe ko e toenga ʻo e paʻanga vaʻingapaʻangaPaʻanga vaʻingaKo e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga kuo vahe ke vaʻinga ʻaki. Ko e puleʻi ʻo e paʻanga vaʻinga ko e fili pe ko e hā hono lahi ʻoku tuku ki he fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he peti takitaha mo e taimi vaʻinga takitaha.Lau kotoa →; ʻoku ngata ha taimi vaʻinga ʻi he lau ʻo e ngaahi vilo pe ʻi he noa. ʻOku hiki ʻa e ngaahi lao ʻo e fakalakalaka petifoungaFakalakalaka petiKo ha lao pē ʻoku ne liliu ʻa e lahi ʻo e peti ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi ola kimuʻa. Ko e ngaahi fakalakalaka fakafepaki ʻoku nau hiki hake ia hili ha mole, ko e ngaahi fakalakalaka fakapapau hili ha ikuna.Lau kotoa → ʻi he peesi founga takitaha. ʻOku pau ʻa e ngaahi tenga koeʻuhi ke toe maʻu ʻa e ola tatau ʻi ha fokotuʻu pē ʻi he ʻaʻahi kotoa; ʻoku fakahā ʻe he Meʻa Faʻifaʻitaki ʻo ha Taimi Vaʻinga ʻa hono tenga ko ha fika ʻo e taimi vaʻinga.
Ngaahi sivi fakasitetisitika
ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he ngaahi peesi ʻo e hehema ʻo e veʻeteka ʻa e sivi chi-square ʻa Pearson ki he feʻunga mo e tuʻunga tauʻatāinalēpiTuʻunga tauʻatāinaKo e lahi ʻo e ngaahi mahuʻinga tauʻatāina ʻi ha fika fakasitetisitika. Ki ha sivi chi-square ʻi he luo ʻe 37 ko e 36 ia, koeʻuhi kuo pau ke tānaki ʻa e ngaahi lau ki he fakakātoa.Lau kotoa → ʻe 36. ʻOku maʻu ʻa e mahuʻinga plēpiMahuʻinga pKo e ngalingali ke sio ki ha mavahe ʻoku lahi tatau pe lahi ange ʻi he meʻa naʻe sio ki ai kapau naʻe faitotonu ʻa e veʻeteka.Lau kotoa → mei he fomula gamma taʻekakato kuo fakatonutonu. ʻOku fakahā ʻe he ngaahi sivi ʻo e kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa → ʻa e mavahe ʻi he mavahe fakasitanatematematikaMavahe fakasitanateAka ua ʻo e vēliani; ko e mamaʻo angamaheni ʻo ha ola mei he mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.Lau kotoa → ʻo ha tufaki binomial mo e p = ngaahi luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa →/37.
Fakanounou ʻo e ngaahi fika
ʻOku fakahā ʻa e ngaahi peseti ʻaki ha fika ʻe ua hili ʻa e poini, ko e paʻanga ki he seniti, pea ʻoku tuku ʻa e seniti ʻi he ngaahi fika paʻanga kakato. ʻOku ʻikai fakanounou ʻa e ngaahi fika ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo hono fakalele.
Meʻa fakaoli
ʻE lava ke toe fakalele ʻa e fika kotoa ʻi heni pea ʻe maʻu ʻa e ola tatau pē.