Ko e Kau Eudaemons

Ko ha fakakaukau ʻi ha fale inu ʻi Las Vegas, 1975

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu mafana ʻo e 1975 naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe Norman Packard, ko ha tokotaha ako fisiki, ha māhina ʻe ua ʻi hono lau ʻo e ngaahi kaati ʻi he blackjack ʻi Las Vegas mo ha kaumeʻa, ko Jack Biles, pea naʻe meimei tatau pē. ʻI ha inu fakaʻosi naʻe pehē ʻe Biles te ne peti ʻe lava ke ikunaʻi ʻa e lulēti ʻaki ʻa e fisiki, pea naʻe manatu ʻa Packard ki ha laine fakapuputuʻu ʻi he Beat the Dealer ʻa Edward Thorp ʻo kau ki ha founga ki he lulēti. Naʻe nō ʻe he ongo tangata ha meʻa hiki leʻo, tuʻu ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻi ha ngaahi kasino lahi pea tā ʻa e maikalofoni ʻi he taimi kotoa pē ʻoku ʻalu ai ʻa e pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → ʻi ha feituʻu tuʻumaʻu. ʻI hono tohi ʻi he pepa kalafi, naʻe fakahā ʻe he ngaahi tā ʻoku māmālie mo tō ʻa e pulu ʻi ha founga maau. Naʻe ui ʻe he kaumeʻa ako ʻo Packard ko Doyne Farmer, ko ha tokotaha ako māʻolunga ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Kalefōnia, Santa Cruz, ko ha moumou taimi ia kae ʻoua kuo ne fai tonu ʻa e fika: ko ha tokotaha ʻoku lava ke fua ʻa e taimi ʻo e pulu ki he meimei vahe hongofulu ʻo ha sekoni ʻe tonu ke lava, ʻi he pepa, ʻo pehē ʻe tō ki fē ia ʻo ofi ki ha fika siʻi pē.

Ko ha veʻeteka ʻi he lēpi fisiki

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu failau ʻo e 1976 naʻe totongi ʻe Farmer mo Dan Browne ʻa e $1,500 ʻi he paʻanga nōte ki ha veʻeteka kasino kuo fakaleleiʻi ʻi ha falengāue ʻi Reno, ʻo pehē ko e meʻa ia ki ha pāti ʻa ha kalapu ako. Naʻa nau toʻo ia ʻi he ngaahi māhina ʻi he poʻuli ki he lēpi ako ʻa e ʻunivēsiti pea fua ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻilo maama infrared, ha uasi ʻelekitulōnika naʻa nau ngaohi pē, mo ha meʻa faitaá naʻe ngāue ʻi he leʻo ʻo e pulu ʻi heʻene tā ʻa e ukamea. Ko e meʻa naʻa nau ʻilo ko ha lisi nounou lelei ia ʻo e meʻa ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻi ha vilo. Ko e ʻea ʻoku ne fai ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e fakamāmālie, lahi ange ʻi he hala. Ko ha veʻeteka ʻoku ʻikai tokamuʻa ʻaki pē ha vahe hongofulu ʻo ha ʻinisi ʻoku ne liliu ʻa e feituʻu ʻoku mavahe ai ʻa e pulu mei he hala, pea ʻi ha veʻeteka tafaʻaki ʻoku faʻa mavahe ʻa e pulu ʻi he tafaʻaki māʻolunga, ʻa ia ʻoku faingofua ange ai ʻa e tomuʻa ʻilo. ʻOku kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi pulu: ko ha pulu Teflon naʻe māmālie tuʻo ua hono vave ʻi ha pulu ʻo e meʻa tatau mo e pulu piliati. Pea ʻi he mavahe ʻa e pulu mei he hala ʻoku kei puna pē ia, ʻi he ʻavalisi ʻoku ʻikai laka ʻi he vahe fā ki he vahe tolu ʻo e takai. Ko e puna ko ia ko e fehuʻi naʻe makatuʻunga ai ʻa e palani kotoa, pea naʻe ʻikai lahi feʻunga ia ke fakaʻauha ʻa e tomuʻa ʻilo. ʻI he ngata ʻa e faʻahitaʻu mafana naʻa nau fakafuofua ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻe ala maʻu ki he 44%, ko e fika naʻe ʻoatu ʻe Thorp ki heʻene meʻa pē ʻaʻana.

Fisiki ʻo e Veʻeteka Lulēti

Ko e kautaha mo e pai

Naʻa nau ui ʻa e ngāue ko e Eudaemonic Enterprises, mei ha lea Kalisi ki he fiefia ʻo ha moʻui ʻoku moʻui ʻaki ʻa e fakakaukau lelei. Ko e taha kotoa naʻe ngāue ai ʻe totongi mei he ngaahi ikuna ʻi he kahaʻu ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi houa naʻe ngāue: ko ha konga ʻo e meʻa naʻa nau ui ko e Eudaemonic Pie. Naʻe taumuʻa ʻa e paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi ke totongi ha komiunitī ʻo e ngaahi kaumeʻa ʻoku nau fai ʻa e saienisi ʻo fakatatau ki heʻenau fili pē ʻanautolu.

Ko ha komipiuta ʻi lalo ʻi he kaukaveʻe, 1976–1978

Naʻe tupu ʻa e ʻuluaki mīsini mei ha komipiuta naʻe fakatahaʻi pē naʻe aʻu mai ʻi he meili ʻi Sepitema 1976 ʻi he $250, naʻe langa ʻi he processor 6502 naʻe ngāueʻaki foki ʻe he ngaahi komipiuta ʻa Apple. Naʻe tohi ʻe Farmer, ʻa ia naʻe teʻeki ai ke ne faʻu polokalama kimuʻa, ʻa e ngaahi ʻekueisini ki he pulu mo e konga vilomeʻangāueKonga viloKo e konga ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku vilo pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi luo.Lau kotoa → ki ai. Ko e faʻahinga ki he kasino naʻe haʻi ki he sino, ʻi lalo ʻi he kaukaveʻe pe, ki he kau fefine, ʻi ha vala ʻi loto. Naʻe lomiʻi ʻe he tokotaha vaʻinga ʻi he veʻeteka ʻa e ngaahi suisi ʻaki ʻa e ongo louhiʻi vaʻe lahi: ko e taha naʻa ne fakaʻilongaʻi ʻa e noaveʻetekaNoaKo e luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai kāpui ʻe ha peti totongi tatau, peti tasini pe peti kōlomu; ko e tupuʻanga ia ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino. ʻOku toe ui: noa ʻe taha, 0.Lau kotoa → pea mo e pulu ʻi he taimi kotoa pē naʻa nau ʻalu ai ʻi ha feituʻu tuʻumaʻu, ko e taha naʻa ne hiki ʻa e polokalama ki hono ngaahi tuʻunga. Ko hono fakatatau ʻo e polokalama ki ha veʻeteka pau naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ai ʻa e meimei miniti ʻe uofulu ʻo e lomiʻi fakalongolongo. Pea, hili ha sekoni siʻi ʻi he vilo taki taha, naʻe fakahingoa ʻe he komipiuta ha taha ʻo e kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa → ʻe valu ʻo e veʻeteka, pe fakaʻilongaʻi “ʻoua ʻe peti”, ʻaki hono ngalulu ʻo ha ngaahi meʻa siʻisiʻi ʻi he kili. Ko ha tokotaha vaʻinga hono ua ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e tēpile, naʻe fehokotaki ʻaki ha siakale letiō vaivai, naʻa ne ongoʻi ʻa e ngalulu tatau pea kāpui ʻa e fika ʻe tolu pe fā ʻo e konga ko ia, ʻo ne fetongi ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ha fika ʻoku ofi ki ai ʻi he veʻeteka koeʻuhí ke faingataʻa ange ke lau ʻa e sīpinga.

Ko e ʻuluaki fononga, ki Lake Tahoe mo Reno ʻi Tīsema 1977, ko ha maumau lōloa pē ʻe taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻangāue. Hili ha uike siʻi, ʻi he Golden Gate ʻi Downtown ʻo Las Vegas, naʻe vaʻinga tokotaha ʻa Farmer ʻi he houa ʻe fā mo e konga ʻi he seniti ʻe hongofulu ki he sipipaʻangaSipiKo ha fakaʻilonga ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ha paʻanga paʻu, ʻoku tuku ki he palani ʻo e tēpile ke fai ʻaki ha peti. ʻOku toe ui: check.Lau kotoa →. Naʻe siʻi ʻa e tupu, ka ʻi he vilo ʻe laui teau naʻa ne fakafuofua mo Browne ʻa e tuʻunga lelei, ʻi he tokanga, ki he 25%.

Ngaahi Veʻeteka Lulēti ʻi Las Vegas

Ko e faʻahitaʻu mafana ʻo e 1978

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu mafana ko ia naʻe vaʻinga fetongitongi ʻa e kulupu ʻi ha ngaahi uike, ʻi Downtown mo e Strip, taimi vaʻinga ʻe ua ʻi he ʻaho pea ʻikai teitei ko e kasino tatau ʻi ha ongo pō hokohoko. Naʻa nau tauhi ha tohi ki he kasino taki taha: hono ngaahi veʻeteka mo e lahi ʻo ʻenau ʻikai tokamuʻa, hono kau ngāue, hono ngaahi taimi fetongi ngāue. Naʻe hā ko e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻi Las Vegas naʻe tafaʻaki ʻo tokoni pea ko e ngaahi vaʻinga ʻi he tuʻuapō naʻe māmālie, ʻa ia ko e meʻa ia naʻe fie maʻu ʻe he komipiuta, he ko ha konga vilo māmālie mo ha pulu vave ʻoku tuku ai ha taimi lahi ange ke fua mo peti. Naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi pō lelei. ʻI he Circus Circus ko ha fetongi ʻo e kulupiekakaiKulupieKo e tīla ʻi ha tēpile lulēti.Lau kotoa → ʻi he hola ua ʻo e pongipongi naʻe liliu ai ha taimi vaʻinga naʻe mole ki ha tola ʻe laui teau ʻi he seniti ʻe 25 ki he sipi. Pea naʻe ʻi ai mo ha hokohoko tuʻumaʻu ʻo e ngaahi maumau: ngaahi uaea mavete, ngaahi fehokotaki letiō naʻe liliu mo e mafana, ngaahi tō ʻuhila mei he ngaahi uaea ʻenitena naʻe tuitui ki honau ngaahi sote. ʻI ha pō ʻe taha naʻe tukia ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ngalulu, naʻe mafana fau ʻa e ngaahi uaea, pea naʻe hokohoko atu ʻa e vaʻinga ʻa Ingrid Hoermann neongo ha vela kae ʻikai mavahe mei ha tēpile naʻe ikuna ai. Naʻe fakatokangaʻi ʻe he kau ngāue ʻa e kasino ʻa e ikuna kae ʻikai teitei ko e founga; ʻi ha taimi ʻe taha ko ha kulupie, naʻe ʻita ʻi ha fokotuʻunga sipi naʻe tupulaki, naʻa ne puke ʻa e veʻeteka naʻe lolotonga vilo ʻo ne mioʻi.

ʻI he māhina ʻe hongofulu mā tolu naʻa nau fononga tuʻo valu ki Nevada pea, ʻi heʻenau peti ʻi he lahi taha ʻaki ʻa e seniti ʻe hongofulu mo e kuata, naʻa nau ikuna ha tola ʻe laui afe siʻi. Ko ha taimi vaʻinga ʻi he California Club ʻi Tīsema 1978 naʻe ʻomi ai ha meʻa lahi ange ʻi he $1,000 ʻi he houa ʻe tolu pea naʻe fakalotoa ai kinautolu ʻoku taau ke maʻu ʻe he founga ha ngaahi meʻangāue lelei ange.

Ko e komipiuta ʻi ha topuva, 1980–1981

Ke toʻo ʻa e ngaahi uaea mei honau sino naʻa nau fili ke tuku ʻa e meʻa kotoa ki loto ʻi he ngaahi topuva. Ko Mark Truitt, ko ha tokotaha kuo toki ʻosi ʻene ako fisiki pea naʻa ne mavahe mei ha ʻinitaviu ngāue ki ha ngāue letā fakakautau, naʻa ne fakaʻaongaʻi ki ai ha taʻu ʻe taha mo e konga. Ko e fakakaukau naʻe feʻunga ai naʻe haʻu ia mei ha tekinisia ʻa e ʻunivēsiti: tāmateʻi ʻa e komipiuta ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi tomuʻa ʻilo, pea ʻe siʻi ange ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi maka ʻuhila ʻoku fie maʻu. Naʻe tuku ʻe Truitt ʻa e ngaahi chip komipiuta ki ha papa siakale ʻe ua naʻa ne ngaohi pē, fulihi ʻa e taha ki ʻolunga ʻi he taha pea fakafonu ʻa e vahaʻa ʻaki ha uepi fefeka, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ko ha poloka ʻo e meimei ʻinisi ʻe ua ʻi he fā pea konga ʻinisi hono matolu ʻa ia naʻe lava ke lue ki ai. Naʻe ʻalu ʻa e ngaahi maka ʻuhila, ʻa e ʻenitena mo e ongo meʻa ngalulu ʻe ua ʻo e tolu ki he muivaʻe. Ko e meʻa ngalulu ʻe tolu ʻi he vave ʻe tolu naʻe ʻomi ai ha fakaʻilonga ʻe hiva: konga ʻe valu mo e “ʻoua ʻe peti”. Naʻe fakaavaava ʻe ha tokotaha monomono topuva ha ngaahi topuva leta angamaheni pea naʻe ʻikai te ne fai ha fehuʻi.

ʻI Nōvema 1981 naʻe ʻave ʻe Farmer mo e tokotaha faʻu tohi ko Thomas Bass ʻa e ngaahi topuva mo e $2,500 ki Las Vegas. ʻI he ʻuluaki tēpile naʻe tonu ʻa e ʻuluaki tomuʻa ʻilo, pea kamata leva ke ngalulu taʻefakataumuʻa ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ngalulu. ʻOku fonu ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi he longoaʻa ʻelekitulōnika, mei he ngaahi meʻa faitaá vakai, ngaahi fakaʻilonga neon mo e ngaahi mīsini vaʻinga, pea naʻe ikunaʻi ai ʻa e fehokotaki letiō vaivai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi topuva; naʻe fai ʻe ha televīsone ʻi he loki ʻi he motel ʻa e meʻa tatau. Naʻe ʻikai fakaleleiʻi ia ʻe ha ngaahi ʻaho ʻo e monomono ʻe ha toko fā, pea naʻe taʻofi ai ʻa e ngāue. Naʻe ʻalu ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue ki ha puha ʻi ha loki ʻi lalo ʻi Santa Cruz.

Ko e ʻuhinga ʻo e 44%

ʻI ha veʻeteka ʻAmelika ʻoku ikuna ha peti fika ʻe tahapetiPeti fika ʻe tahaFika pē ʻe taha, totongi ʻo e 35:1.Lau kotoa → tuʻo taha ʻi he vilo ʻe 38 ʻi he ʻavalisi pea totongi ʻa e 35 ki he 1, ʻa ia ʻoku mole ai ki he tokotaha vaʻinga ʻa e 5.26%. Ko ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 44% ko e mahuʻinga ia ʻo e peti tatau ʻi heʻene ikuna tuʻo taha ʻi he vilo ʻe 25: ʻoku foki mai ʻa e sipi ʻe 36 ki he sipi ʻe 25 kotoa pē ʻoku peti. Ko ia naʻe ʻikai fie maʻu ʻe he komipiuta ke ne ʻilo ʻa e fika. Naʻe pau pē ke ne ʻai ʻa e ngaahi fika naʻa ne fili ke tō ʻo meimei tuʻo taha mo e konga ʻo lahi ange ʻi he meʻa ʻoku fakaʻatā ʻe he faingamālie.

Veʻeteka mo e Ngaahi Lao ʻo e Lulēti ʻAmelika

Ko e ʻuhinga naʻe kei ongoʻi ai ha tuʻunga lelei lahi ko ha vaʻinga paʻanga

Ko ha tuʻunga lelei ʻi he 35 ki he 1 ʻoku totongi māmālie mo taʻetatau. Naʻe fakatokanga ʻe ha taha ʻo e kau faleʻi ʻa e kulupu ko ha tokotaha vaʻinga ʻoku peti ʻa e $100 ki he fika taki taha ʻe lava ke mole ʻa e $10,000 pe $20,000 kimuʻa pea hā mai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei, pea ʻoku tatau mo ia ʻa e fika: mo ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 44% ʻi he ngaahi fika taki taha ʻoku kei mole pē ha tokotaha vaʻinga hili ʻa e vilo ʻe 100 ʻi he meimei tuʻo taha ʻi he fā. Ko e ʻuhinga ia naʻe kamata ai ʻa e kau Eudaemons ʻi he seniti ʻe hongofulu pea langa ʻenau paʻanga vaʻingapaʻangaPaʻanga vaʻingaKo e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga kuo vahe ke vaʻinga ʻaki. Ko e puleʻi ʻo e paʻanga vaʻinga ko e fili pe ko e hā hono lahi ʻoku tuku ki he fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he peti takitaha mo e taimi vaʻinga takitaha.Lau kotoa → mei he paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi, pea ko e ʻuhinga ia naʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ai ʻe Alan Lewis, ʻa ia naʻe kau mai ʻi he 1978, hono taimi ki he lahi ʻo e peti. Naʻe fakakaukau ʻa Farmer ki mui naʻa nau tokanga fau. Naʻe tauhi ʻe he ngaahi peti siʻi ke nau malu, pea naʻe ʻuhinga foki ia ko e ngaahi taʻu ʻo e ngāue naʻe siʻi ʻaupito ʻa e meʻa naʻe maʻu.

Ko e meʻa naʻe fakamole mo e meʻa naʻe maʻu

Naʻe ʻalu ʻa e meimei $15,000 ki he ngaahi konga, ngaahi meʻangāue mo e vāhenga ʻa Truitt, ko e lahi taha meia Farmer mo Letty Belin, ko ha loea naʻe mali mo ia ki mui. Naʻe lau ʻa e houa ngāue ʻe 3,500 kia Farmer, 3,000 kia Truitt mo e 2,000 kia Packard. ʻO fehoanaki mo ia ʻa e tola ʻe laui afe siʻi naʻe ikunaʻi ʻi he ngaahi peti siʻi. ʻI he 1983 naʻe fakaʻilo ʻe Farmer ʻi ha makasini vaʻinga paʻanga ki ha kau fakahū paʻanga, ʻo fakamatalaʻi ha sīpinga ʻuluaki mo ha tuʻunga lelei kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻi he kasino ʻo e 20 ki he 40%. ʻI he taimi naʻe vaʻinga ai ʻa e kau Eudaemons, naʻe ʻikai ʻilo ʻe Belin ʻi heʻene kumi ʻi he lao ʻa Nevada ha meʻa naʻe tapui ai hono tomuʻa ʻilo ʻo ha vaʻinga; ʻi Mē 1985 naʻe ʻai ʻe he sitete ko ha hia ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ha meʻa ki ai. Ko e meʻa naʻe tolonga ko e saienisi. Ko hono langa ʻo e ngaahi komipiuta naʻe akoʻi ai ʻa Farmer, Packard mo honau ngaahi kaumeʻa ki he ako ʻo e chaos, ʻa ia ko e feituʻu ia naʻa nau ʻiloa ai.

Lau ʻa e tohi he ʻaho ni

Naʻe talanoa ʻa Thomas Bass, ʻa ia naʻa ne tuku ʻa e ngaahi peti ʻi he fononga fakaʻosi, ʻi he The Eudaemonic Pie (1985), naʻe makatuʻunga ʻi ha ngaahi ʻinitaviu lōloa mo e kulupu, pea ko e maʻuʻanga fakamatala ia ki he peesi ni. Ko ʻene hisitōlia nounou ʻo e lulēti ʻoku siʻi ange hono falalaʻanga ʻi heʻene fakamatala ʻo e ngāue. ʻOkú ne toe lea ʻaki ʻa e talanoa ʻo e kau kalake ʻe toko ono naʻe totongi ʻe Jagger, ʻa ia ʻoku foki ki ha tohi ʻo e 1901 pea ʻikai toe laka atu (vakai ki he Joseph Jagger), pea ʻoku ne tuku ʻa e sivi ʻa Thorp mo Shannon ʻi he kasino ki he 1962, ka ʻoku pehē ʻe he ngaahi fakamatala ʻa Thorp tonu ko e faʻahitaʻu mafana ʻo e 1961.

Ngaahi fehuʻi