Kau Vaʻinga Lulēti Ongoongoa

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Ko ha tangata pisinisi tupenu mei Shelf, ofi ki Bradford, naʻe tō ʻene kautaha ʻi Manchester ʻi he 1860. ʻI he takai ʻo e 1880 naʻa ne ʻalu ki Monte Carlo, ʻo ne fekau ke lekooti ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka, pea peti ki he ngaahi fika naʻe hā lahi fau. Ko e fakamatala motuʻa taha, ko e tohi ʻa Victor Bethell ʻo e 1901, ʻoku pehē naʻa ne ikunaʻi ʻa e £120,000, toe mole ʻa e £40,000 ʻo ia pea mavahe mo e meimei £80,000, ko ha falaniki ʻe meimei miliona ʻe ua, pea ko e kasino naʻe ʻuluaki hikihiki hono ngaahi veʻeteka mei he tēpile ki he tēpile ʻi he pō kotoa pē pea toki ʻoota ha ngaahi veʻeteka foʻou mo e ngaahi meʻa vahe ʻe lava ʻo hiki. Naʻe ʻikai lipooti ʻe ha nusipepa ʻo e kuonga ko ia ʻa e ikuna, pea kuo mole ʻa e ngaahi pepa ʻa e kasino ʻo e ngaahi taʻu ko ia. Ko ʻene tokotaha tohi hisitōlia ko Anne Fletcher (2018), ko ha kāinga fefine mamaʻo ʻo e ngaahi toʻutangata ʻamui, ʻoku ne pehē ko e ʻuluaki ʻaʻahi ʻi he 1880 pe 1881, ʻikai ko e 1873 pe 1875 ʻo e ngaahi talanoa motuʻa. Ko e kau tohi ʻe toko ono naʻe totongi ko e talanoa ia ʻa Bethell; ko e lisi ʻo e fika ʻe hiva mo e kafo ʻoku pehē naʻa ne tā ʻi ha veʻeteka ʻoku ʻuluaki hā ʻi he 1951, pea ʻoku ʻikai ha meʻa ʻoku poupou ki ai. ʻI heʻene pekia ʻi he 1892 naʻe siʻisiʻi pē ʻene koloa. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he peesi ʻo Joseph Jagger ʻa e ngaahi fakamoʻoni.

Joseph Jagger: Ko e Founga Lulēti ʻi Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Ko ha tokotaha kākā mo ha tokotaha faʻu naʻe aʻu ki Monte Carlo ʻi he 1891 mo e paʻanga naʻe tānaki ki ha meʻa faʻu loi pea naʻa ne maumauʻi ʻa e pangikē tuʻo lahi ʻi ha ʻaho siʻi, ʻo ikunaʻi ʻa e meimei £40,000 ʻi ha hokohoko fakaofo. Naʻa ne pehē naʻe ʻi ai ʻene sisitemi ʻe ʻikai tō pea naʻe ʻikai te ne fakamatalaʻi ia. Naʻe hoko ia ko e “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” ʻi ha hiva ʻi he ngaahi fale faiva, naʻe toe mole ha konga ʻo e paʻanga ʻi he faʻahitaʻu momoko ko ia, pea naʻe nofo ʻi he pilisone ʻi he lahi taha ʻo e toenga ʻo ʻene moʻui koeʻuhi ko e kākā. Neongo pe ko e hā ʻene sisitemi, ko hono ola ko e monūʻia.

Ko e Tangata Naʻa ne Maumauʻi ʻa e Pangikē

Hibbs mo Walford (1947)

ʻI he 1947 naʻe fakamoleki ʻe ha ongo tokotaha ako ʻe toko ua ʻo e University of Chicago, ko Albert Hibbs, naʻe meimei ʻosi hono mataʻitohi master ʻi he matematika, mo Roy Walford, ko ha tokotaha ako faitoʻo, ha taimi mālōlō ʻi Reno ʻo lekooti ʻa e ngaahi vilo. Naʻa na kumi ki ha ngaahi veʻeteka naʻe hā ai ha ngaahi fika ʻo lahi ange ʻi he 1 ʻi he 38 ʻoku ngofua, naʻa na ʻilo ha niʻihi, peti ki ai, pea hoko atu ki Las Vegas. Naʻe talaʻi ʻe he makasini Life ʻa e talanoa ʻi Tīsema 1947 ʻi he ʻuluʻi talanoa “How to Win $6,500”; ʻoku ʻoatu ʻe he ngaahi fakamatala ʻamui, ʻo kau ai ʻa e ʻa Hibbs pē, ha ngaahi fakakātoa lahi ange, pea ko Thorp, ʻi heʻene tohi ʻi he 1998, naʻa ne pehē naʻe hoko ʻi he 1949–50. Naʻe totongi ʻaki ʻa e paʻanga ha vaka folau fute ʻe 40 mo e taʻu ʻe taha tupu ʻi he Caribbean. Naʻe hoko atu ʻa Hibbs ki he Jet Propulsion Laboratory, ʻa ia naʻe hoko ai ko hono leʻo ʻiloa taha ki he kakai, pea naʻe hoko ʻa Walford ko ha tokotaha fakatotolo ki he motuʻa. Ko ʻena ikuna ko e ʻuluaki ikuna ʻAmelika ʻoku ʻi ai ha lekooti lelei mei he hehema ʻa e veʻeteka, pea ko ia naʻe ʻi he fakakaukau ʻa Thorp ʻi he 1955 ʻi heʻene fili ko e ngaahi veʻeteka naʻe ngaohi lelei ʻe fie maʻu ke ikunaʻi ʻaki ʻa e fisiki.

Norman Leigh (1966)

ʻI he faʻahitaʻu mafana ʻo e 1966, naʻe ʻave ʻe Norman Leigh, ko ha tangata ʻIngilani naʻa ne tohi naʻe tō ʻa ʻene tamai ʻi he lulēti, ha timi ʻe toko hongofulu mā ua ki he Casino Municipal ʻi Nice. ʻO fakatatau ki heʻene fakamatala pē ʻaʻana, naʻa nau vaʻinga ʻaki ʻa e LabouchèrefoungaLabouchèreSisitemi tāmateʻi: tohi ha laine fika, peti ʻaki ʻa e fakakātoa ʻo e ongo ngataʻanga, tāmateʻi kinaua hili ha ikuna, tānaki ʻa e peti naʻe mole hili ha mole.Lau kotoa → fakafoki ʻi he faingamālie tatau kotoa ʻe ono ʻi ha tēpile ʻe ua, ikuna lahi ʻi ha ngaahi pō lahi, pea naʻe taʻofi kinautolu ʻi he tāpuni ʻe he kasino ʻa e ngaahi tēpile pea tapui kinautolu mei he ngaahi kasino Falanisē. Ko ʻene tohi, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), ko e fakamoʻoni kakato pē ia, pea ʻoku ʻikai lava ke siviʻi ʻa hono ngaahi fika. ʻOku ʻikai lava ʻe he sisitemi ʻo fakamatalaʻi kinautolu: ko e Labouchère fakafoki ʻoku mole ai ʻa e 1.35% ʻo e fakakātoa ʻo e petipaʻangaFakakātoa ʻo e petiKo e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga naʻe peti ʻaki ʻi ha taimi vaʻinga pe vahaʻa taimi, kau ai ʻa e paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi kuo toe peti ʻaki. ʻOku toe ui: handle, action.Lau kotoa → mo e la partagelaoLa partageLao faka-Falanisē: ʻi he hū ʻa e noa, ʻoku fakafoki ʻa e vaeua ʻo ha peti totongi tatau. ʻOku vaeua ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino ʻi he ngaahi peti ko ia ki he 1.35%.Lau kotoa → pea ʻoku ikuna pē ʻi he taimi vaʻinga tātātaha ʻoku aʻu ai ha laine ki he lahi taha (vakai ki he Labouchère). Ko ha kau vaʻinga ʻe toko hongofulu mā ua ʻi ha faingamālie ʻe ono ʻi ha ngaahi pō lahi ʻoku nau vaʻinga ʻi ha taimi vaʻinga lahi, ko ha niʻihi ʻiate kinautolu naʻe pau ke hoko ko ha ikuna lahi, pea ko e tāpuni ʻe he kasino ʻa e vaʻinga naʻe taʻofi ai ʻa e monūʻia mei hono fakatatau.

Tui Hala: Ko ha Founga Lulēti ʻoku Ikuna Maʻu PēFounga Lulēti Labouchère

Thorp mo Shannon (1961)

Ko Edward Thorp, ʻa ia naʻa ne hoko atu ʻo ikunaʻi ʻa e blackjack ʻaki hono lau ʻo e kaati, mo Claude Shannon, ko e tokotaha fokotuʻu ʻo e tefitoʻi fakakaukau ʻo e fakamatala, naʻa na langa ʻa e ʻuluaki komipiuta ʻoku tui ʻi he sino: ko ha meʻa ʻoku lahi ʻo hangē ko ha puha sikaleti naʻe fua taimi ʻa e pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → mo e konga vilomeʻangāueKonga viloKo e konga ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku vilo pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi luo.Lau kotoa → pea ʻave ha leʻo ki ha meʻa fanongo ʻi he telinga ʻo ne tala ha vahe valu ʻo e veʻeteka. Naʻe ngāue ia ʻi he fale lalo ʻa Shannon ʻi ha veʻeteka naʻe fakatau pea ngāue tātātaha ʻi Las Vegas, ʻa ia naʻe motu ai ʻa e ngaahi uaea pea hā ʻa e meʻa fanongo. Naʻa na taʻofi koeʻuhi ko ha ngaahi ʻuhinga fakangāue; naʻe fakahā ʻe Thorp ʻa e sisitemi ʻi he 1966 pea fakamatalaʻi kakato ia ʻi he 1979 mo e 1984 (vakai ki he Vaʻinga Kumi Tuʻunga Lelei).

Ko e Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Naʻe langa ʻe ha kulupu ʻo e kau tokotaha ako fisiki ʻi he ʻunivēsiti ʻi Santa Cruz ha ngaahi kiʻi komipiuta tisitolo ke tui ʻi ha kasino: naʻe fua taimi ʻe ha tokotaha vaʻinga ʻe taha ʻa e veʻeteka ʻaki ha ngaahi sueki ʻi hono matāniʻihuʻi vaʻe, naʻe tomuʻa tala ʻe he komipiuta ha kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa →, pea naʻe maʻu ʻe ha tokotaha vaʻinga hono ua ʻa e tomuʻa tala ʻaki ha ngalulu pea peti ki ai. ʻI he 1977 mo e 1978 naʻe haʻi ʻa e komipiuta ʻi he lalo nima; ko ha paaki ʻamui, naʻe langa ʻi he lalo ʻo ha suʻu, naʻe ʻalu ki Las Vegas ʻi Nōvema 1981 pea naʻe ikunaʻi ia ʻe he longoaʻa ʻuhila ʻo e ngaahi kasino. Naʻe talaʻofa ʻe heʻenau ngaahi sivi ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e 44%, pea ko ʻenau ʻuluaki taimi vaʻinga lōloa ʻi ha tēpile moʻoni naʻe meimei 25%. Naʻe tātātaha ke ngāue fuoloa ʻa e meʻangāue: ko e ngaahi uaea mavete, ngaahi lavea ʻuhila pea tuʻo taha ha vela mei ha uaea naʻe mafana fau naʻe fakaʻosi ai ha ngaahi taimi vaʻinga lahi. Naʻa nau ikunaʻi ha ngaahi tola afe siʻi ʻi he ngaahi peti ʻo e seniti hongofulu mo e seniti uofulu mā nima, fakamoleki ʻa e meimei $15,000 pea tuku ha tohi lelei. ʻOku talaʻi ʻe he peesi ʻo e Eudaemons ʻa e talanoa.

Ko e Kau Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Ko ha toketā ʻAmelika naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻi Siamane ʻa ia, mo hono uaifi ko Carol mo ha kau tokoni tokosiʻi, naʻa ne lekooti ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka noaveʻetekaNoaKo e luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai kāpui ʻe ha peti totongi tatau, peti tasini pe peti kōlomu; ko e tupuʻanga ia ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino. ʻOku toe ui: noa ʻe taha, 0.Lau kotoa → ʻe taha ʻi he ngaahi kasino ʻi ʻIulope ʻi he 1960 tupu mo e kamataʻanga ʻo e 1970 tupu, tautefito ʻi Sanremo, pea peti ki he ngaahi fika naʻe hā lahi fau. ʻO fakatatau ki he fakamatala ʻa Carol Jarecki, ko ha veʻeteka ʻe taha naʻe lava ke fie maʻu ai ha vilo ʻe laka hake ʻi he 10,000 pea ʻo aʻu ki ha māhina ʻe taha. ʻOku lipooti ʻe ha fakamatala pekia ʻo e 2018 ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi fakamatala lahi naʻa ne ikunaʻi ʻo laka hake ʻi he $1.2 miliona; naʻe ʻikai ʻaotita ʻa e fika ko ia. Naʻa ne tala ki he kau faʻu ongoongo naʻe veteki ʻe ha komipiuta ʻi he University of London ʻa e vaʻinga; ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ʻe ha fakamatala pekia ʻo e 2018 mo e tokotaha hisitōlia lulēti ko Russell Barnhart ʻa e meʻa ni ko ha ʻufiʻufi ki ha siofi pē. Naʻe kole ʻe Sanremo ke ne nofo mamaʻo ʻi Sānuali 1969, tapui ia ko ha tokotaha vaʻinga paʻanga fakapalofesinale ʻi Fēpueli pea toe tali ia ʻi ha ʻaho siʻi, hikihiki hono ngaahi tēpile, pea ʻi he ngataʻanga naʻe fetongi ha veʻeteka ʻe meimei uofulu mā fā. Naʻa ne foki ki ʻAmelika ʻi he 1973 pe 1974. ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he ngaahi lipooti ʻo e kuonga ko ia ha ngaahi fakaikiiki lahi ange.

Richard Jarecki: Ko e Sisitemi Lulēti

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (fāʻeleʻi 1947)

Ko ha tokotaha faʻu hiva mo ha talēkita faiva Sipeini ʻa ia, mo ʻene fānau mo e ngaahi ʻilamutu, naʻa ne lekooti ha vilo ʻe meimei 5,000 ki he veʻeteka taki taha ʻi he Casino Gran Madrid, ʻi tuʻa ʻi he kolo, mei he ngataʻanga ʻo e 1991, pea peti ki he ngaahi luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → naʻe muʻomuʻa. ʻO fakatatau ki heʻene fika pē ʻaʻana, ko e luo lelei taha naʻe ikuna tuʻo taha ʻi he vilo ʻe 28 pea ko e tuʻunga lelei naʻe meimei 6%; ʻoku ne pehē ko e paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi ko e pesetā miliona ʻe 200 ki he 250 ʻi ha ngaahi kasino lahi. Naʻe tapui ʻe he kasino ʻa e fāmili, naʻe fakafoki ʻe he puleʻanga ʻa e tapui, pea naʻe tō ʻa e ngaahi tangi ʻa e kasino, ko e fakaʻosi ʻi he Fakamaauʻanga Māʻolunga ʻi Sune 2004. Naʻe pehē ʻe he fakamaauʻanga naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau vaʻinga ʻa e poto mo ha komipiuta pea ʻikai ha meʻa kehe, pea ko e tali fakalao ʻa ha kasino ko hono hikihiki hono ngaahi veʻeteka, fetongi honau ngaahi konga pe ngaohi ke lelei ange. ʻOku talaʻi kakato ia ʻe he peesi ʻo Gonzalo García-Pelayo.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Ko e Sisitemi LulētiLulēti ʻi ʻIulope

Ko e toko tolu ʻi he Ritz (2004)

Ko ha kau vaʻinga ʻe toko tolu, tangata ʻe toko ua mo ha fefine mei he Yugoslavia ki muʻa mo Hungali, naʻa nau ikunaʻi ʻa e meimei £1.3 miliona ʻi he pō ʻe ua ʻi Maʻasi 2004 ʻi he Ritz Club ʻi Lonitoni, ʻo peti tōmui ki ha kiʻi kulupu fika kaungāʻapi. Naʻe lipooti ʻe he ngaahi nusipepa ha meʻa sikena leisa naʻe fufū ʻi ha telefoni; naʻe ʻikai ʻomi ha meʻa pehē. Naʻe puke kinautolu pea tukuange, pea ʻi Tīsema 2004 naʻe tuku ʻe he polisi ʻa e keisi pea fakafoki ʻa e paʻanga, koeʻuhi naʻe ʻikai aʻu ʻa e lao motuʻa ki he kākā ki he meʻa naʻa nau fai. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he fakamatala ʻa Bloomberg ʻo e 2023 ki honau taki, ko ha tangata Kuloisia ʻoku ʻiloa ko Niko Tosa, ʻa e tomuʻa tala ʻaki ʻa e mata ʻi ha veʻeteka naʻe kiʻi tafitonga, ʻikai ko ha meʻangāue. Naʻe fetongi ʻe he Gambling Act 2005 ʻa e hia motuʻa ʻaki ha hia lahi ange ʻo e kākā, naʻe ngāue mei he 2007; pe ʻoku kau ai ʻa e tomuʻa tala ʻaki ʻa e mata naʻe teʻeki ai siviʻi ʻi he fakamaauʻanga. Ko e ikuna lahi fakaʻosi ia naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe he kakai ʻi he lulēti ʻaki ʻa e tomuʻa tala.

Meʻa ʻoku tatau ai ʻa e kau vaʻinga lulēti naʻe lavameʻa

Ko e tokotaha ikuna kotoa pē ʻoku ʻi ai ha lekooti naʻa ne fua ʻa e veʻeteka (Jagger, Hibbs mo Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) pe tomuʻa tala ʻa e pulu (Thorp, ko e Eudaemons, ko e timi ʻi he Ritz). Naʻe ʻikai ikuna ha taha ʻiate kinautolu ʻaki ha sīpinga peti, pea ko e tokotaha sisitemi ongoongo pē ʻe taha, ko Wells, naʻa ne toe mole ha konga ʻi loto ʻi ha ngaahi māhina pea ngata ʻi he pilisone. Ko e founga kotoa pē naʻa nau ngāueʻaki naʻe faifai pea tāpuni ʻe he ngaahi kasino ʻi hono liliu ʻa e veʻeteka, ʻa e ngaahi lao pe ʻa e lao fakafonua. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ngaahi peesi Lēpi ʻa e ngaahi founga; ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he peesi ni ʻa e ʻuhinga kuo tokosiʻi ai ʻa e kakai kuo ke fanongo ki ai.

Ngaahi fehuʻi