Hisitōlia ʻo e Lulēti
ʻOku fou ʻa e hisitōlia ʻo e lulēti ʻi ha sivi fisiki naʻe ʻikai lavameʻa, ha loki vaʻinga ʻi Palisi, ha ongo tokoua ʻi ha kolo vai mafana Siamane, mo e kasino naʻe ngaohi ha luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ko e tuʻunga angamaheni ʻo ʻIulope.
Kimuʻa ʻi he veʻeteka
- 1654
Pascal mo Fermat: ko e palopalema ʻo e ngaahi poini; mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.
Mahuʻinga ʻAmanekina ʻi he Lulēti - 1655Ko ha veʻeteka taʻehaʻane taumuʻa
ʻOku langa ʻe Blaise Pascal, ʻi heʻene kumi ha mīsini ʻoku ngaue taʻengata, ha veʻeteka vilo ʻoku tatau lelei hono mamafa. ʻOku ʻikai lavameʻa ʻa e mīsini; ʻoku toe ʻa e veʻeteka ko ha meʻa ʻoku meimei ʻikai ha fefaʻaki pea hangē ʻoku taʻefakataumuʻa.
Blaise Pascal: Ko e Talatupuʻa ʻo e Veʻeteka Lulēti - 1657
ʻOku pulusi ʻe Huygens ʻa e ʻuluaki tohi ki he ʻamanekina.
- 1713
Jakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: ko e lao ʻo e ngaahi fika lalahi.
Fakaofi ʻi he Taimi Lōloa: Ko e Lao ʻo e Ngaahi Fika Lalahi ʻi he Lulēti - 1740 tupuRoly-poly mo e E.O.
ʻOku vilo ʻe he ngaahi fale vaʻinga ʻIngilani ha ngaahi veʻeteka mo e ngaahi luo hoa mo taʻehoa. ʻOku tapui ʻa e ngaahi vaʻinga ʻo tuʻo lahi, ʻa ia ʻoku tuli ai ʻa e ngaahi faʻahinga ki he Kalafi ʻIulope.
Ko Hai Naʻa ne Faʻu ʻa e Lulēti? Ko e Tupuʻanga ʻo e Lulēti - 1754
ʻOku pulusi ʻe d’Alembert ʻa e fehalaaki naʻe toki fakahingoa ki ai ʻamui ko ha sisitemi.
Founga Lulēti D'Alembert - 1758
ʻOku tapui ʻe New France (Quebec) ʻa e taisi, hoca, faro mo e “roulette”: ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi lekooti motuʻa taha ʻo e hingoa ko ia ki ha vaʻinga paʻanga.
- 1760 tupu
ʻOku hū ʻa e “Martingale” ki he ngaahi tikisinale Falanisē ko ha lea vaʻinga paʻanga.
Founga Lulēti Martingale
Ko e vaʻinga
- 1796Palisi, Palais-Royal
ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he tohi talanoa La Roulette ʻa Jaques Lablée ha veʻeteka mo e luo ʻe ua ʻa e kasino, 0 mo e 00, ʻi ha fale vaʻinga ʻi he Palais-Royal. Ko e fakamatala kakato muʻomuʻa taha ia ʻo e vaʻinga onopōni.
Lulēti ʻi he Ngaahi Tohi - 1800 tupu
ʻOku tānaki ʻe he ngaahi veʻeteka ʻAmelika ha luo ʻīkale: fika ʻe tolu ʻa e kasino.
Veʻeteka mo e Ngaahi Lao ʻo e Lulēti ʻAmelika - 1837
ʻOku tapui ʻe Falanisē ʻa e ngaahi kasino; ʻoku hiki ʻa e vaʻinga ki he ngaahi kolo vai mafana ʻi Siamane.
- 1841
ʻOku maʻu ʻe he ongo tokoua Blanc ʻa e ngofua ki Bad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
ʻOku fakaava ʻe François mo Louis Blanc ha kasino ʻi he kolo vai mafana Siamane pea toʻo ʻa e noa ua. ʻOku vaheua ʻe he veʻeteka noa ʻe taha ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino pea tohoaki ʻa e kau vaʻinga mei he ngaahi feituʻu fakafepaki.
Bad Homburg mo e Ngaahi Kasino ʻi he Ngaahi Kolo Vai Mafana - 1863Monte Carlo
ʻI hono tapui ʻo e vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi Siamane kotoa, ʻoku puleʻi ʻe Blanc ʻa e kasino ʻi Monaco naʻe faingataʻaʻia. ʻOku hoko ʻa Monte Carlo ko e sīpinga ʻo e lulēti ʻIulope; ko e noa ʻe taha hono tuʻunga angamaheni.
Lulēti ʻi Monte Carlo - 1866
Dostoevsky, The Gambler.
Roulettenburg ʻa Dostoevsky - 1868
Hala lēlue mei Nice ki Monte Carlo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo - 1869
ʻOku tāmateʻi ʻe Monaco ʻa e tukuhau paʻanga hū mai.
- 1872
ʻOku tāpuni ʻe Pulusia ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi Siamane.
Kau vaʻinga mo e ngaahi sivi
- 1870 tupu
ʻOku fakamafola ʻe Labouchère ʻa e sisitemi tāmateʻi fika ʻi Lonitoni.
Founga Lulēti Labouchère - meimei 1880Veʻeteka ʻo Jagger
ʻOku fakahiki ʻe Joseph Jagger, ko ha tangata pisinisi tupenu mei Yorkshire, ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻo e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻi Monte Carlo pea peti ki he ngaahi fika ʻoku tō lahi fau. ʻOku ne ikunaʻi ha koloa lahi; ʻoku fetukutuku ʻe he kasino hono ngaahi veʻeteka, pea fetongi leva.
Joseph Jagger: Ko e Founga Lulēti ʻi Monte Carlo - 1891Ko e tangata naʻe maumauʻi ʻa e pangikē
ʻOku ʻosi ʻe Charles Wells ʻa e sipi ʻo ha tēpile ʻo tuʻo lahi ʻi ha ʻaho siʻi, ʻo fakatupu ai ʻa e hiva ʻi he fale fakafiefia. ʻOku ʻikai maʻu ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo ha sisitemi, ko e monūʻia pē pea, ki mui, ko e kākā ʻi ha feituʻu kehe.
Ko e Tangata Naʻa ne Maumauʻi ʻa e Pangikē - 1900
ʻOku pulusi ʻe Pearson ʻa e sivi chi-square ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala vilo mei Monte Carlo.
Sivi Chi-Square - 1907
ʻOku toe fakangofua ʻe Falanisē ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi he ngaahi kolo vai mafana mo e matātahi.
- 1913
ʻUliʻuli ʻe 26 hokohoko ʻi Monte Carlo.
Fehalaaki ʻa e Tokotaha Peti - 1931
ʻOku fakangofua ʻe Nevada ʻa e vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi he kasino.
Ngaahi Veʻeteka Lulēti ʻi Las Vegas - 1940 tupu
ʻOku fakahingoa ʻe Ulam mo von Neumann ʻa e founga Monte Carlo.
- 1953
Fleming, Casino Royale: ʻoku peti ʻa Bond ki he tasini ʻe ua ʻi he lulēti.
Founga Lulēti James Bond - 1961
ʻOku langa ʻe Thorp mo Shannon ʻa e ʻuluaki komipiuta lulēti ʻoku tui ʻi he sino.
Ngaahi Komipiuta Lulēti - 1965
ʻOku fakamoʻoniʻi ʻe Dubins mo Savage ko e vaʻinga loto toʻa ʻa e lelei taha ʻi he ngaahi vaʻinga ʻoku ʻikai faitotonu.
- 1969
ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he savea ʻa Thorp ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻoku ʻikai ikunaʻi ai ʻe ha sisitemi peti ha vaʻinga ʻoku ʻamanekina ai ʻa e mole.
Tui Hala: Ko ha Founga Lulēti ʻoku Ikuna Maʻu Pē - 1977–81
Ko e ngaahi komipiuta fufū ʻa e Eudaemons ʻi Nevada: ʻi he lalo nima ʻi he 1978, ʻi ha suʻu ʻi he 1981.
Ko e Kau Eudaemons - 1985
ʻOku fakahoko ʻe Nevada ko ha hia ʻa e ngaahi meʻa tomuʻa tala. ʻOku pulusi ʻe Bass ʻa e The Eudaemonic Pie.
Kākā ʻi he Lulēti
Ko e vaʻinga ʻo onopooni
- senituli 20Mei he ngaahi kolo vai mafana ki he ngaahi sikilini
ʻOku fononga ʻa e lulēti ki Las Vegas mo e noa ua kuo toe fakafoki, pea ki he ngaahi tēpile RNG ʻi he ʻinitaneti ʻi he 1990 tupu pea ki he ngaahi veʻeteka ʻi he sitiutio ʻoku ʻave hangatonu ʻi he 2000 tupu.
Lulēti ʻIulope mo e Lulēti ʻAmelika - 1990 tupu
ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he fāmili García-Pelayo ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka hehema ofi ki Madrid; tapui; ʻoku fakafoki ʻe he ngaahi fakamaau ʻa e tapui (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Ko e Sisitemi Lulēti - 1996
Ko e ʻuluaki ngaahi kasino ʻi he ʻinitaneti mo e lulēti RNG.
Lulēti Hangatonu mo e Lulēti RNG - 2003–06
Lulēti mo ha tīla hangatonu ʻoku fakamafola mei he ngaahi sitiutio; ʻoku hoko ʻa Riga mo Malta ko ha ngaahi senita.
Founga Ngāue ʻa e Lulēti Hangatonu - 2004
ʻOku ikunaʻi ʻe ha timi ʻi he Ritz ʻa e £1.3m ʻaki hono tomuʻa tala ʻa e pulu; ʻoku ʻikai ʻilo ha leisa naʻe lipooti; ʻikai ha tukuaki.
Vaʻinga Kumi Tuʻunga Lelei ʻi he Lulēti - 2005
UK Gambling Act: ko e fakangofua kakato ʻo e vaʻinga paʻanga mamaʻo.
Lulēti ʻi Pilitānia - 2012
ʻOku pulusi ʻe Small mo Tse ʻa e fisiki ʻo hono tomuʻa tala ʻa e lulēti.
Fisiki ʻo e Veʻeteka Lulēti - 2013
ʻOku kamata ʻe New Jersey ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi he ʻinitaneti ʻoku puleʻi ʻe he lao.
Lulēti ʻi ʻAmelika - 2016
Lulēti noa tolu ʻi he Strip ʻo Las Vegas.
Lulēti Noa Tolu - 2018
ʻOku fakafoki ʻa e tapui fakafetuʻutaki ʻa ʻAmelika ki he peti sipoti; ʻoku fai lao ʻa e ngaahi siteiti.
- 2021
ʻOku fakangofua ʻe Siamane mo Holani ʻa e ngaahi vaʻinga kasino ʻi he ʻinitaneti.
Lulēti ʻi ʻIulope - 2026
Ko e uepisaiti ni: ko e ʻaho kotoa pē ʻi ʻolunga, mo e fika.
Ko e laine pē ʻe taha ʻoku mahuʻinga
ʻI he senituli ʻe ua mo e konga, naʻe liliu tuʻo taha pē ʻa e faingamālie ʻo e lulēti ʻo lelei ki he tokotaha vaʻinga (1843, naʻe toʻo ha noa ʻe taha) pea tuʻo ua ʻo kovi ange (ko e ʻīkale ʻi he 1800 tupu, ko e noa tolu ʻi he 2016). Ko e meʻa kotoa kehe, ko e ngaahi sisitemi, ko e ngaahi komipiuta, ko e ngaahi sitiutio, ko e ngaahi maama, naʻe tuku pē ʻe kinautolu ʻa e fika ʻi he feituʻu naʻe ʻilo ai ia ʻe Lablée: 36/n − 1 ki ha veʻeteka ʻoku tānaki ai ha luo ʻe taha ki he lahi ko ia.
Ngaahi fehuʻi
Ko e ʻaho ʻo Pascal. ʻOku moʻoni ʻa ʻene ngaahi ʻahiʻahi veʻeteka; ko e fehokotaki ki he lulēti ko ha talatukufakaholo pē.
Lolotonga ʻa e senituli 19; ko e hokohoko ʻIulope ʻoku ngāueʻaki he ʻaho ni naʻe angamaheni ia ʻi he kuonga ʻo Monte Carlo.
Ngalingali ko ha ʻaho ʻo e lao. Kuo ʻosi kakato ʻa e veʻeteka.
Meʻa fakaoli
Senituli ʻe ua mo e konga, fakalakalaka ʻe taha, holomui ʻe ua, mo e ngaahi talanoa lahi.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.