François Blanc
Ko e tokotaha pule kasino naʻa ne toʻo ʻa e noa uafaʻahingaNoa uaKo e luo 00 ʻo e veʻeteka ʻAmelika. ʻOku hiki hake ʻe hono ʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino mei he 2.70% ki he 5.26%.Lau kotoa →, pea naʻa ne mahinoʻi lelei ʻa e meʻa ʻe hoko ai.
Naʻe fakahū ʻe François Blanc (1806–1877) ʻa e veʻeteka noa ʻe taha ʻi Bad Homburg ʻi he 1843 ke fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e totongi ʻi he ngaahi kasino fakafeʻauhi ʻi he ngaahi kolo vai mafana, pea toki langa ʻa Monte Carlo ʻi he veʻeteka tatau. Ko e “meʻaʻofa” ki he kau vaʻinga ko ha holoki totongi ia naʻe fakatau ʻaki ha konga lahi ange ʻo e maketi.
Kimuʻa ʻi Homburg
Naʻe kamata ʻa François mo hono māhanga ko Louis ko ha ongo tokotaha fakatau mahuʻinga ʻi Bordeaux ʻi he 1830 tupu, ʻa ia naʻe halaia ai ʻi hona totongi fufū ʻa e kau ngāue telekalafi ke ʻilo kimuʻa ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e ngaahi pōnite ʻi Palesi kimuʻa ʻi he maketi, ko ha meʻa kimuʻa ia ʻo hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e fakamatala ki he tupu. Hili ha kiʻi tautea nounou naʻa na hiki ki hono fakalele ʻo e kasino, ʻuluaki ʻi Lakisemipeki, pea toki maʻu ʻa e ngofua ki he kiʻi kolo vai mafana ko Bad Homburg ʻi he 1841.
Ko e noa ʻe taha
Naʻe fakafeʻauhi ʻa Homburg mo e ngaahi kolo vai mafana kuo ʻosi fokotuʻu ʻi Baden-Baden mo Wiesbaden, ʻa ia naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e noaveʻetekaNoaKo e luo lanu mata pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai kāpui ʻe ha peti totongi tatau, peti tasini pe peti kōlomu; ko e tupuʻanga ia ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino. ʻOku toe ui: noa ʻe taha, 0.Lau kotoa → ʻe ua ʻi honau ngaahi veʻeteka. Naʻe fakaʻaliʻali ʻe he ongo Blanc ha veʻeteka mo e noa ʻe taha. Naʻe holo ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasinomatematikaTuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasinoKo e konga ʻo e peti takitaha ʻoku tauhi ʻe he kasino ʻi he ʻavalisi: 2.70% ʻi he lulēti ʻIulope.Lau kotoa → mei he 5.26% ki he 2.70%, pea naʻe faingofua ʻa e fakaʻaliʻali: ko e kasino pē ʻe taha ʻi ʻIulope naʻe liunga ua ai hono lelei ʻo e faingamālie ʻo e tokotaha vaʻinga. Naʻe haʻu ʻa e kau vaʻinga, naʻe tupu ʻa Homburg, pea naʻe faifai pea muimui ʻa e kau fakafeʻauhi. Naʻe ʻikai ko ha nima homo. Ko ha holoki totongi ia ʻi ha maketi naʻe tatau ai ʻa e koloa pea ko e totongi pē ʻa e meʻa naʻe lava ke liliu.
Monaco
ʻI he taimi naʻe maʻu ai ʻe Pulusia ʻa Hesse-Homburg ʻi he 1866 pea fakaʻosiʻosi ʻa e vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi Siamane (naʻe tāpuni ʻa e ngaahi tēpile fakaʻosi ʻi he 1872), naʻe ʻosi hiki ʻa Blanc. Naʻa ne fakatau ʻa e ngofua ʻo Monaco naʻe meimei tō ʻi he 1863, ʻo ne fakapaʻanga ʻa e hala lēlue mo e ngaahi hōtele, pea fakalele ʻa e kasino ko ha feituʻu mālōlōʻanga kae ʻikai ko ha loki vaʻinga pē. Naʻe haʻu mo ia ʻa e noa ʻe taha pea hoko ko e tuʻunga angamaheni ʻi ʻIulope. Naʻe maʻu ʻe he fāmili Blanc ha konga ʻo e paʻanga hū mai ʻa e kasino ʻo Monaco ʻi ha ngaahi toʻutangata; naʻe mali hono ʻofefine ki he fāmili ʻo e ngaahi pilinisi Radziwiłł pea mali ha mokopuna fefine ki he fāmili Bonaparte.
Fāʻeleʻi ʻi Courthézon, Vaucluse, mo hono māhanga ko Louis.
Bordeaux: fakatau mahuʻinga, totongi fufū ʻa e kau telekalafi, halaia.
Ngofua ki Bad Homburg.
Fakahū ʻa e veʻeteka noa ʻe taha ʻi Homburg.
Fakatau ʻa e ngofua ʻo Monaco; fokotuʻu ʻa e Société des Bains de Mer.
Ava ʻa e hala lēlue ki Monte Carlo.
Tāpuni ʻa e ngaahi kasino ʻi Siamane; ko Monte Carlo pē ʻa e vaʻinga ʻi he konitinēniti.
Pekia ʻi Suisalani, ko e taha ʻo e kau tangata koloaʻia taha ʻi ʻIulope.
Meʻa naʻa ne mahinoʻi
Ko e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e kasino ko ha totongi ia, ʻoku fakafehoanaki ʻe he kau vaʻinga ʻa e ngaahi totongi neongo ʻoku ʻikai te nau lava ʻo fika ia, pea ko ha totongi māʻulalo mo ha tokolahi ange ʻoku lelei ange ia ʻi ha totongi māʻolunga mo ha tokosiʻi ange. Naʻe lahi ʻaupito ange ʻa e paʻanga hū mai ʻa Monte Carlo ʻi he 2.70% ʻi he ʻa Homburg ʻi he 5.26% koeʻuhi naʻe tokolahi ange ʻa e kau vaʻinga, lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi tēpile pea lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi vilo. Ko e fika ʻo e mole ʻamanekinamatematikaMole ʻamanekinaKo e mahuʻinga ʻamanekina liunga ʻaki ʻa e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga naʻe peti ʻaki; ko e ʻavalisi ʻo e paʻanga ʻoku mole ʻi ha taimi vaʻinga pe ha vahaʻa taimi.Lau kotoa → (tuʻunga lelei × fakakātoa ʻo e petipaʻangaFakakātoa ʻo e petiKo e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga naʻe peti ʻaki ʻi ha taimi vaʻinga pe vahaʻa taimi, kau ai ʻa e paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi kuo toe peti ʻaki. ʻOku toe ui: handle, action.Lau kotoa →) ko ʻene founga pisinisi ia kimuʻa pea tohi ia ʻe ha taha maʻa e kau vaʻinga.
Tofiʻa
Ko e veʻeteka noa ʻe taha kotoa pē ʻi māmani ʻoku ʻa Blanc. Pehē foki ki he feituʻu mālōlōʻanga kasino ʻo onopooni: ko e fakakaukau ko e kasino ko ha konga pē ia ʻe taha ʻo ha feituʻu ʻaʻahi mo e ngaahi hōtele, ha fale ʻopela mo ha teleʻa lēlue. Naʻe tauhi ʻe he veʻeteka ʻAmelika ʻa e noa hono ua koeʻuhi naʻe ʻikai ha Blanc naʻe aʻu atu ke holoki ʻa e totongi; ko e veʻeteka noa tolu ʻo e 2016 ko e ngāue fehangahangai ia, naʻe fai ʻi ha feituʻu naʻe ʻikai ha Monte Carlo ke fakafehoanaki ki ai ʻa e kau vaʻinga.
Veʻeteka mo e Ngaahi Lao ʻo e Lulēti ʻAmelikaLulēti Noa Tolu
Ngaahi fehuʻi
Naʻa ne fakahū mo fakamafola ia. Mahalo naʻe ʻahiʻahiʻi ha ngaahi veʻeteka noa ʻe taha kimuʻa ange; naʻe fakahoko ia ʻe Homburg ko ha tuʻutuʻuni.
Ko hono fehangahangai. Naʻe tupu ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e kau vaʻinga ʻo lahi ange ʻi he holo ʻa e tupu ʻi he peti taki taha.
Ko ha hingoa fakatenetene ia mei ha tokotaha faʻu ongoongo koeʻuhi naʻa ne liliu ha kiʻi kolo vai mafana ko e kolomuʻa ʻo e vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi ʻIulope ʻi ha taʻu ʻe hongofulu.
Meʻa fakaoli
Ko ha holoki totongi, ʻikai ko ha meʻaʻofa. Naʻe fai ʻe he tokolahi ʻa e toenga.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.