Hisitōlia ʻo e Ngaahi Sisitemi Lulēti

Martingale

ʻOku haʻu ʻa e hingoa mei he lea vaʻinga paʻanga ʻa e kakai Provence (à la martegalo, “ʻo hangē ko e kakai ʻo Martigues”, naʻe ʻiloa ʻi he lea fakatātā ko e kakai taʻetokanga) ki ha peti fakaua, ʻoku lekooti ʻi he ngaahi tikisinale Falanisē mei he 1760 tupu. ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe Thorp (1984), ʻo muimui ki he American Heritage Dictionary, ha fakamatala fakakakai hono ua: naʻe manukiʻi ʻa e kakai ʻo Martigues koeʻuhi ko ʻenau ngaahi anga kehe, ʻo kau ai hono haʻi ʻa honau tauveli ʻi mui, ko ia naʻe hoko ai ʻa e lea ko ia ʻo ʻuhinga ki he “ʻi ha founga fakavalevale”. Naʻe ʻosi hoko ia ko ha talanoa fakatokanga ʻi Palesi ʻi he senituli 18: ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ʻe Casanova ʻa ʻene mole ha koloa lahi ʻi heʻene fakaua ʻa e peti ʻi he faro ʻi Venisi ʻi he 1750 tupu. Ko e matematika ʻo e ʻuhinga ʻoku tō ai, ʻa e fakangatangata ʻo e tēpiletēpileFakangatangata ʻo e tēpileKo e peti siʻi taha mo e peti lahi taha ʻoku ngofua. Ko e peti lahi taha ʻoku ne taʻofi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti fakaua.Lau kotoa → mo e paʻanga vaʻingapaʻangaPaʻanga vaʻingaKo e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga kuo vahe ke vaʻinga ʻaki. Ko e puleʻi ʻo e paʻanga vaʻinga ko e fili pe ko e hā hono lahi ʻoku tuku ki he fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he peti takitaha mo e taimi vaʻinga takitaha.Lau kotoa → ʻoku ngata, naʻe mahinoʻi ia ʻi he 1770 tupu. ʻI he tefitoʻi fakakaukau ʻo e ngalingalimatematikaNgalingaliKo e faingamālie ʻo ha ola, mei he 0 ki he 1 pe 0% ki he 100%. Fika ʻe taha: 1/37 = 2.70%.Lau kotoa →, naʻe hoko ʻa e “martingalefoungaMartingaleFakalakalaka peti ʻoku ne fakaua ʻa e peti hili ʻa e mole takitaha. Vakai ki he konga Ngaahi Founga ki he meʻa ʻoku ne fai mo e meʻa ʻoku ʻikai te ne fai.Lau kotoa →” ko ha lea fakatekinikale ʻi he 1930 tupu ki ha vaʻinga faitotonumatematikaVaʻinga faitotonuKo ha vaʻinga ʻoku ʻikai maʻu ʻe ha tafaʻaki ha tuʻunga lelei: ko e peti kotoa pē ʻoku noa hono mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.Lau kotoa →, ʻa ia ko e meʻa pē ʻe taha ʻoku ʻikai ko e Martingale ʻi he lulēti.

Ngaahi Fakangatangata ʻo e Tēpile Lulēti

D’Alembert

Naʻe fakakikihi ʻe Jean le Rond d’Alembert ʻi he Encyclopédie (1754) ʻoku ngalingali ange ʻa e mui hili ha hokohoko ʻo e ʻulu, ko ha fakamatala kimuʻa ia ʻo e fehalaaki ʻa e tokotaha peti mei ha tangata matematika ʻiloa. Ko e sisitemi peti ʻoku tānaki ha iunitipaʻangaIunitiKo e peti tefito ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe ha sisitemi pe ha tokotaha vaʻinga. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka peti ʻaki ʻa e iuniti koeʻuhi ke ngāue ʻi ha tēpile pē.Lau kotoa → hili ha mole pea toʻo ha taha hili ha ikuna naʻe fakahingoa kiate ia ʻe he kau peti ʻamui naʻa nau tui tatau. Naʻe ʻikai te ne fokotuʻu ia pea, ʻi hono ngaahi ʻaho lelei, naʻe mei fakafisi ia ki ai.

Founga Lulēti D'Alembert

Labouchère

Ko Henry LabouchèrefoungaLabouchèreSisitemi tāmateʻi: tohi ha laine fika, peti ʻaki ʻa e fakakātoa ʻo e ongo ngataʻanga, tāmateʻi kinaua hili ha ikuna, tānaki ʻa e peti naʻe mole hili ha mole.Lau kotoa → (1831–1912), ko ha tokotaha faʻu ongoongo, tokotaha maʻu fale faiva mo e MP ʻo e Liberal, naʻa ne fakamafola ʻa e sisitemi tāmateʻi fika ʻi he sōsaieti ʻo Lonitoni ʻi he 1870 tupu pea ʻoku lipooti naʻa ne ngāueʻaki ia ʻi Monte Carlo. Ko e founga, ʻa hono tohi ha laine fika pea peti ʻaki ʻa e fakakātoa ʻo e ongo ngataʻanga, naʻe ʻi ai kimuʻa ʻiate ia. Naʻe pikitai hono hingoa koeʻuhi naʻe ʻiloa ia ʻi ha ngaahi meʻa kehe pea koeʻuhi ʻoku maʻu ʻe he sisitemi ʻa e anga fakakehe ʻo e faʻa ngāue, ʻo hoko ai ko ha tefito talanoa ʻi he kai efiafi.

Lulēti ʻi Monte CarloFounga Lulēti Labouchère

Ko e senituli 20

Naʻe hū ʻa e FibonaccifoungaFibonacciFakalakalaka peti ʻoku muimui ki he hokohoko 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…: sitepu ʻe taha ki muʻa hili ha mole, sitepu ʻe ua ki mui hili ha ikuna.Lau kotoa → mo e ParolifoungaParoliFakalakalaka fakapapau: fakaua hili ha ikuna, kamata foʻou hili ha mole pe hili ha ikuna ʻe tolu hokohoko. ʻOku toe ui: Martingale fakafoki.Lau kotoa → ki he ngaahi tohi vaʻinga paʻanga ʻi he takai ʻo e 1900. Naʻe ʻomi ʻe he lotolotonga ʻo e senituli ʻa e ngaahi sisitemi fakatau ʻi he meili, taki taha mo ha fakamoʻoni mei ha kasitomaa mo ha talaʻofa ke fakafoki ʻa e paʻanga, pea mo e ʻuluaki ngaahi faʻifaʻitaki ʻi he komipiuta, ʻa ia naʻa nau fakahā ʻa e meʻa naʻe ʻosi lea ʻaki ʻe he matematika. Naʻe ʻosi ʻi ai ʻa e fakamoʻoni ʻoku ʻikai lava ke ngāue ha sisitemi: naʻe fakahā ʻe Joseph Doob (1936) mo Paul Halmos (1939) ʻoku ʻikai liliu ʻe ha lao ki hono fili ʻa e taimi mo e lahi ke peti ʻa e ola ʻamanekina ʻo ha vaʻinga faitotonu pe ʻikai lelei, pea naʻe fakamatalaʻi ʻe he savea ʻa Thorp ʻo e 1969 ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻi he founga ʻoku fetaulaki ai mo ia ʻa e kau peti. Talu mei ai, naʻe ʻikai liliu ʻa e ngaahi sisitemi; kuo hiki pē ʻa e fakatau mei he ngaahi tohi siʻi ki he vitiō.

Tui Hala: Ko ha Founga Lulēti ʻoku Ikuna Maʻu PēFounga Lulēti Fibonacci

Ko e hā ʻoku nau kei moʻui ai

ʻOku ʻoange ʻe ha sisitemi ki ha tokotaha vaʻinga ha meʻa ke fai mo ha talanoa ke talaʻi. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi taimi vaʻinga ʻi he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi sisitemi ʻoku ngata ʻi ha ikuna siʻi, ko ha talanoa lelei ange ia ʻi he fika. Ko e ngaahi taimi vaʻinga ʻoku mole ʻoku siʻi ange pea manatuʻi ko e taʻemonūʻia. ʻOku ʻikai fie maʻu ʻe he fakatau ke loi ki he faingamālie; ʻoku fie maʻu pē ke ne fakahā ha taimi vaʻinga ikuna, pea ʻoku lahi ia. Ko e fakakikihi fehangahangai, ko e 2.70% ʻo e fakakātoa ʻo e petipaʻangaFakakātoa ʻo e petiKo e fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga naʻe peti ʻaki ʻi ha taimi vaʻinga pe vahaʻa taimi, kau ai ʻa e paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi kuo toe peti ʻaki. ʻOku toe ui: handle, action.Lau kotoa →, kuo ʻi ai talu mei he 1843 pea naʻe teʻeki ai ke ne fakatuipauʻi ʻo hangē ko ha pō monūʻia.

Ngaahi sisitemi ke fakatau

Naʻe tānaki ʻe he fefakatauʻaki ʻo e senituli 20 ʻene ngaahi palani pē ʻaʻana, taki taha ko ha fokotuʻutuʻu foʻou ʻo e ngaahi peti mole tatau. Naʻe fakatau atu ʻa e Phase One ʻi he $25 mo e 10% ʻo e paʻanga naʻe ikunaʻi ʻe he tokotaha fakatau, mo ha Phase Two naʻe talaʻofa ʻi he hili hono totongi ʻa e $500 pea mo ha “Inner Circle” ʻi he $5,000. ʻOku ʻikai liliu ʻe ha taha ʻiate kinautolu ʻa e fika: ko e mahuʻinga ʻamanekinamatematikaMahuʻinga ʻamanekinaKo e ola ʻavalisi ʻi he peti takitaha ʻi he taimi lōloa. −1/37 ʻo e peti ki he peti ʻIulope angamaheni kotoa pē.Lau kotoa → ʻo ha hokohoko peti ko e fakakātoa ia ʻo honau ngaahi mahuʻinga ʻamanekina.

Ko ia ʻoku ʻikai ko ha sisitemi

Ngaahi lao taʻofi: ko hono fili kimuʻa pe ʻe fēfē hono lahi ʻo e mole pe ikuna pea mavahe. ʻOku faʻa fakatau atu ia ko ha konga ʻo ha sisitemi pea ko e konga pē ia ʻoku ne fai ha meʻa, koeʻuhi ʻoku nau fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e fakakātoa ʻo e peti. ʻOku ʻikai ha hingoa ʻo ha tangata ʻoku fakahingoa ki ai, pea ʻoku taau ia.

Ngaahi fehuʻi