Vaʻinga Kumi Tuʻunga Lelei ʻi he Lulēti
Vaʻinga kumi tuʻunga lelei ʻi he lulēti: ko e hā kuo ʻahiʻahiʻi moʻoni, pea ko e hā naʻe hoko.
Ko e founga ʻe tolu ʻo e vaʻinga kumi tuʻunga lelei ʻi he lulēti kuo nau ikunaʻi ha ngaahi veʻeteka moʻoni: ngāueʻaki ha hehema kuo fua, taimiʻi ʻa e pulu ʻaki ha meʻangāue, pea (tātātaha) ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi anga ʻa e tīla. ʻOku fiemaʻu kotoa ha veʻeteka fakatuʻasino mo ha siofi fuoloa, pea kuo taʻofi pe tapui kotoa kinautolu he ʻaho ni.
Vaʻinga ʻaki ʻa e hehema
Hiki ʻa e ngaahi afe ʻo e vilo mei ha veʻeteka pē ʻe taha, kumi ʻa e ngaahi luomeʻangāueLuoKo e taha ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻe 37 ʻoku fakafika ʻi he konga vilo. ʻOku toe ui: slot, cup.Lau kotoa → pe kongaveʻetekaKongaKo ha konga fakavilo hokohoko ʻo e ngaahi luo ʻi he veʻeteka, ʻoku kehe ia mei ha kulupu ʻi he palani ʻo e tēpile.Lau kotoa → ʻoku tō lahi ange ʻi he 1/37, peti kiate kinautolu, pea ikuna kae ʻoua ke ʻilo ʻe he kasino. Naʻe fai ia ʻe Joseph Jagger ʻi Monte Carlo ʻi he 1880 nai, pea mo Richard Jarecki ʻi Sanremo ʻi he ngaahi taʻu 1960. Naʻe fai ia ʻe he fāmili García-Pelayo ofi ki Matilite ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e ngaahi taʻu 1990, mo e vilo ʻe 5,000 nai naʻe hiki ʻi he veʻeteka taki taha mo ha polokalama naʻa nau faʻu. Naʻe tapui kinautolu ʻe he kasino, naʻe fakafisingaʻi ʻe he puleʻanga ʻa e tapui, pea ʻi he 2004 naʻe loto ki ai ʻa e Fakamaauʻanga Lahi ʻoku ʻikai maumauʻi ʻe he siofi ʻo ha veʻeteka mo e peti ki he meʻa ʻoku ne fakahā ha lao ʻo e vaʻinga. ʻOku ikunaʻi he taimi ni ʻa e vaʻinga ʻaki ʻa e hehema ʻe he tokangaʻi maʻu pē ʻo e veʻeteka pea mo hono fetongitongi ʻo e ngaahi ʻulu ʻo e veʻetekameʻangāueʻUlu ʻo e veʻetekaʻUhinga tatau mo e konga vilo: ko e konga ʻoku vilo ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fika.Lau kotoa → ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi polameʻangāuePolaKo e konga ʻi tuʻa ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku ʻikai ngaue: ko e kapa papa pe meʻa fakatahaʻi ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e hala ʻo e pulu mo e konga fakahifo, pea ʻoku vilo ʻi loto ai ʻa e konga vilo.Lau kotoa →.
Jagger, Monte Carlo. Hehema. ʻOku ne ikuna ha koloa lahi; ʻoku hiki holo ʻe he kasino ʻa hono ngaahi veʻeteka, pea fetongi kinautolu.
ʻOku langa ʻe Thorp mo Shannon ha komipiuta ʻoku tui ʻi he sino ke taimiʻi ʻa e pulu mo e konga vilo. ʻOku ngāue ia ʻi he lēpi; ʻoku motu ʻa e ngaahi uaea ʻi he kasino.
Ko e Eudaemons. Ngaahi komipiuta fakatisitale fufū ʻi Nevada, ʻuluaki tui ʻi lalo ʻi he kaokao, pea faʻu leva ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi sū. Naʻe moʻoni ʻa e tuʻunga lelei, taʻefalala ʻa e meʻangāue, pea ngata ʻa e poloseki.
Fāmili García-Pelayo. Hehema, ofi ki Matilite. ʻOku nau ikuna, ʻoku tapui kinautolu; ʻoku fakafisingaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakamaauʻanga ʻa e tapui ʻi he 2004.
Ko e kau vaʻinga ʻe toko tolu ʻi he Ritz, Lonitoni, ʻoku nau ikuna ʻa e £1.3 miliona ʻi ha pō ʻe ua ʻaki hono peti tōmui ki he ngaahi konga naʻa nau tomuʻa tala. Ko e ngaahi lipooti ʻa e mītia ʻo ha meʻa sikēni leisa naʻe ʻikai fakamoʻoniʻi ia; naʻe ʻikai ha tukuakiʻi pea naʻa nau tauhi ʻa e paʻanga.
ʻOku pulusi ʻe Small mo Tse ʻa e fisiki: ko ha tuʻunga lelei ʻo e peseti siʻi pē ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e lēpi mo ha sio kakato mo e ngaahi peti tōmui.
ʻOku tāpuni ʻe he ngaahi sitiutio hangatonu ʻa e ngaahi peti ʻi he tukuange. Ko e ngaahi meʻangāue ko ha hia ʻi he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fonua. ʻOku fua ʻa e ngaahi veʻeteka ʻo fakatatau ki ha taimi-tēpile.
Joseph Jagger: Ko e Founga Lulēti ʻi Monte CarloRichard Jarecki: Ko e Sisitemi LulētiGonzalo García-Pelayo: Ko e Sisitemi Lulēti
Ngaahi meʻangāue tomuʻa tala
Mei he sīpinga ʻa Thorp mo Shannon ʻi he 1961 ki he ngaahi komipiuta fufū ʻa e Eudaemons ki he ngaahi meʻa muimui ʻaki ʻa e kāmela telefoni ʻi he ngaahi taʻu 2000, ʻoku tatau pē ʻa e fakakaukau: taimiʻi ʻa e pulumeʻangāuePuluKo e kiʻi pulu siʻisiʻi ʻoku tolongi ʻi he hala ʻo fehangahangai mo e konga vilo. Ko e ngaahi pulu ʻo onopooni ʻoku ngaohi ʻaki ʻa e ivorine pe Teflon, 18–21 mm.Lau kotoa → mo e konga vilomeʻangāueKonga viloKo e konga ʻo e veʻeteka ʻoku vilo pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi luo.Lau kotoa → lolotonga ʻoku takai ʻa e pulu ʻi he hala, fakafuofua ʻa e feituʻu ʻe tō ai, peti ki ha konga. ʻOku ngāue ʻa e fisiki. Kuo lipooti ha ngaahi tuʻunga lelei mei he peseti siʻi pē ki he peseti ʻe hongofulu siʻi ʻi ha tuʻunga lelei. Ko e ngaahi palopalema fakangāue ko e falalaʻanga ʻa e meʻangāue, ko e fiemaʻu ke peti hili ʻa e tukuange, pea mo e lao: ʻoku tapui ʻe he ngaahi kasino ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue, ʻoku ngaohi ia ko ha hia ʻi he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fonua, pea ʻoku tāpuni ʻe he ngaahi sitiutio hangatonu ʻa e peti kimuʻa pea tuai ʻa e pulu.
Ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e tīla
Ko e fakakaukau, ʻoku toe ui ko e wheel clocking, ʻoku fuʻu tatau ʻa e tukuange ʻa ha tīla ʻo lava ai ke tomuʻa ʻilo ʻa e konga ʻe tō ki ai ʻo fakahoa ki he feituʻu naʻe tukuange mei ai. ʻE malava ʻi he fakakaukau, ka ʻoku teʻeki fakamoʻoniʻi ʻi he fakamatala ki he kakai, pea ʻoku taʻofi ia ʻaki hono fekau ki he kau tīla ke fakakehekehe pea fetongi kinautolu ʻi he konga houa kotoa pē. ʻOku ʻi ai hono peesi pē ʻoʻona. Kuo toe fai ʻa e founga ni ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha: ko e ngaahi veʻeteka kākā ʻo e senituli 19 naʻe hiki siʻi ai ʻa e meʻa vahemeʻangāueMeʻa vaheKo e meʻa vahe ukamea ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e luo ʻe ua ʻi he veʻeteka.Lau kotoa → kotoa pē hono ua, ko ia ko ha kulupiekakaiKulupieKo e tīla ʻi ha tēpile lulēti.Lau kotoa → naʻa ne sio ki he lanu naʻe siʻi ange ai ʻa e paʻanga naʻe peti, naʻe lava ke ne leleiʻia ʻi ai ʻaki ʻa e hala ʻo e vilo.
Ko e hā ʻoku toe
Ki ha veʻeteka ʻoku tokangaʻi ʻi ha kasino pe sitiutio ʻoku laiseni, ʻoku ʻikai ha meʻa ʻoku ngāue mei he nofoʻanga ʻo e tokotaha vaʻinga. Naʻe ʻikai ngāue ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi sisitemi peti; ʻoku fakahā ʻe he konga Ngaahi Founga ʻa e ʻuhinga. ʻOku fiemaʻu ʻe he hehema ha palopalema ʻoku teʻeki ʻuluaki ʻilo ʻe he kasino. ʻOku fiemaʻu ʻe he taimiʻi ha meʻangāue ʻoku tapui ʻe he kasino pea mo ha taimi petihangatonuTaimi petiKo e taimi ʻi ha takai hangatonu ʻoku tali ai ʻa e ngaahi peti, ʻoku fakataimi ʻe he sēvea ʻo e vaʻinga pea fakahā ko ha lau fakaholo.Lau kotoa → kuo tāpuni ʻe he sitiutio. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e Lēpi ke lea ʻaki ʻeni ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fika, ʻo ʻikai ke fakaʻilongaʻi ha meʻa kehe.
Tuʻunga fakalao
ʻOku fakalao ʻa e vaʻinga ʻaki ʻa e hehema ʻi he siofi ʻi he meimei feituʻu kotoa pē; ʻoku tali ʻe he ngaahi kasino ʻaki hono taʻofi ʻa e tokotaha vaʻinga, ʻa ia ko honau totonu. Ko e ngaahi meʻangāue fakaʻelekitulōnika tomuʻa tala ʻoku taʻefakalao pau ia ʻi Nevada, Pilitānia, ʻi he lahi taha ʻo e EU pea mo ʻAositelēlia, mo e ngaahi tautea hia. Ko e vaʻinga ʻaki ʻa e fakaʻilonga ʻo e tīla ʻoku fakalao pea taʻeʻaonga. Ko e keisi ʻo e Ritz ʻi he 2004 ko e ikuna lahi fakamuimui ia naʻe ʻiloa; naʻe tauhi ʻe he kau vaʻinga ʻa e paʻanga, pea naʻe fetongi kimui ʻe he Gambling Act 2005 ʻa e hia motuʻa ʻo e kākā ʻaki ha hia ʻoku lahi ange, ʻa ia kuo teʻeki sivi ʻi he tomuʻa tala ʻaki ʻa e mata.
Ko e hā ʻoku pehē ai ʻe ha uepisaiti ʻo kau ki he lulēti
Koeʻuhi ko e fili kehe ko hono tuku ke tui ʻa e tokotaha lau ʻoku ʻi ai ʻi ha feituʻu ha founga, ko ha fakapulipuli ʻo e founga ke maʻu ai ha tuʻunga lelei ʻi he lulēti, pea ke hokohoko atu ʻene totongi ʻa e 2.70% lolotonga ʻene kumi ki ai. Ko e Lēpi faitotonu ko e taha ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi lelei feʻunga ʻa e fisiki ke sio ai ʻa e tokotaha lau ki he feituʻu ʻoku ngaohi ai ʻa e taʻefakataumuʻa pea ko e hā ʻoku malu ai.
Ngaahi fehuʻi
ʻI he fakakaukau. Ka ʻi he moʻoni ʻoku lōloa ange ʻa e tānaki ʻo e fakamatala ʻi he takai ʻo e tokangaʻi.
Meʻa fakaoli
Naʻe ikunaʻi ʻe he fisiki ʻa e veʻeteka ʻi ha ngaahi taimi siʻi. Naʻe liliu ʻa e veʻeteka.
Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling.
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Small, M. & Tse, C. K. “Predicting the outcome of roulette.”
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.